Jokneam appears in Jth 7' under the name CyEunon {KvafMJy) in connexion with the encamp- ment of Holofernes (but see Buhl, GAP 210; Kobinson, BJiP iii. 339 n.).
LiTKRATrRB.— .^TTP vol. li. ihtet T., and Volume of Special Papers under * Samaritan Topography' ; van de Velde, Aarr. L 83Ut. ; BaedckcrSocin, Pal.' 242; CJu6rin, Samarie, U. 2nl. ; Sepp, Huli/ Land, ii. 561 ; Uulil, GAPiXO; Robinjon, BRP lil. 114 f. ; DUlmann on Joe 1223 i»il. C_ R_ CONDKR.
JOKSHAN (;?'?;, 'Itiiy, "ItKair, 'iMrrdi-).— Son of Abraham and Kcturah, and father of Shcba (Saba) and Dedan, GniJo' (1 Ch l*"). The name seems ijuit« unknown, and tlie suggestion of Tuch that it is iden- tical Willi Joktan seems the moat plau.^iible. The two forms might represent respectively the Hebrew and Aramaic pronunciation of the same word (cf. irp -lop, Kcp '!:p, where the Aramaic b is hardened from n, as in Sop for '?np, \-\^f for pnp). The Arabic (jenealogiats apparently have no suggestion for his identifKiition ; for Yiikish (or rather Yafish), who is mentioned by a writer quoted by YftkOt (iii. 635, Osiandcr in ZDMG x. 31), owes Iiis existfnue to a contlation of the names Jokshan and Jn|iheth.
D. S. Maroououtu.
JOKTAN (pp;, 'Uicrir, 'loi'xrdj, Jos. Ant. I. vi. 4). — Son of Elier, and father of a number of races (Gn 10", 1 Ch r*). The races mentioned dwelt ' from Mesha to Sephar' ; and though the import of these names is doubtful, the occurrence among them of Sn)>a, Ilaiiramaut, and Salif makes it certain that Arabia or a portion of Arabia is intended. When the attention of the Arabic genealogists was
drawn to the Old Testament by Mohammed's ostensible acceptance of it, tliey noticed the names that have been quoted, and orew the same con- clusion from them. Two lists of identiUcations made by archaeologists of the early ceuturie-s of Islam are given in the miscellaneous work called Al-Ikd al-Farid (ii. 51). They had to grapple with several ditiiculties at the outset. The native tra- dition made Saba son of Yashjub, and ^adramaut son of Himyar (Hamdani, p. 85). The genealogies were harmimized by the supposition that some links had been omitted in the Hebrew record ; hence Saba is made by the Arabic historians ' son of Yashjub son of Ya'rub son of l^ahtan (Yoktan)' ; the insertion of the link Ya'rub being to mark the epoch at which the Hebrews (sons of Eber) became Arabs (Ibn ^utaibah's Manual of History, p. 2iJ9, ed. Cairo). Moreover, the name Joktan was itself unknown ; some genealogist therefore hit on the name ^ahtan, which really belonged to some tribe or region (Mulfaddasi in Bibl. tieogr. Arab. iii. 104), and thought it near enough to be identilied with the Hebrew name ; and though this identifi- cation was not universally accepted (Taj al-'Arus, S.V.), it was till recently generally adopted both in the East and the West. Mas'udi, who records another and probably more ancient pedigree for ^!kabtan, says that he found the biblical genealogy accepted by tribal authorities all over South Arabia. What can scarcely be determined now is whether the legend that makes IJahtan founder of the S. Arabian tribes is earlier or later than his identifi- cation with Joktan j but it seems clear that liiere is no connexion between the two names. The word IjCahtan (of which there was a variety, A^bat) probably means ' droughty,' and originally applied to some strip of territory. It might have been expected that some of the numerous inscriptions tliat have been discovered in S. Arabia would throw light on the passage of Gn, but the most important contribution to its interpretation which has been obtained from that source would seem to be the discovery bj' Glaser of the ancient name of Sana, whence it would appear that the old identi- fication of Uzal with that city is erroneous.
Since, therefore, both the Arabic legends and the inscriptions fail us, we are left to conjecture. The name may be an ethnological invention intended to connect the Arabs with the Hebrews, and in that case the Targum on 1 Ch (published in La- garde's Hagiogrnpha Chaldaice) is probably right in deriving it from the Hebrew, with the sense ' smaller ' or ' shorter,' not, however, with reference to the length of human life, but in comjiarison with the other 'half (I'eleg) of the sons of Eber. If, however, the name be Arabic and geographical, probably tlie connexion suggested by Glaser {Skizze, li. 423) between it and Katan, the name of several mountains in Arabia (Vu^Qt, s.v.), and also of a tribe mentioned by Ptolemy (Katanitir), has most in its faiour. The Arabs, however, tell us that fC'ttan is properly an anatumic&l term ; and if these mountains be named from their re.-<emblanc<e to some portion of the body, the form i'oktan remains unexplained. If the name met u.h in an Arabic genealogy, we should almost certainly have the observation that Joktan was the lirst who had a Jixtd residfnre (.■Vrab. kutnna yukfunii).
With regard to the tliirtoen names of Joktan'* sons, the nieagreness of the li>t forbids us to sup- pose that it is the int«ntion of the genealogist to give a description of the Arabian peninsula, or indeed of any iwrtion of it : his pur|>o.oe is rather to locall/.e etiinoliigically, and to some extent geo- gra|ilii(ally, the races with whose name.'<his render* were already familiar. Hence Saba and Haiilah, to which pecoliar interest attached, are localized dilTerently in the tables admitted into Gn (IU'25*)