* -!■;:-! coUar, 414> (also Ezk lel't) Is not the Egn>- <>>nie of the decoration mentioned on p. 773^ ; and whether it Is Ejryptt^D at all is extremely doubthil : Harkavy (Jotxm. At. Mara-Avril, 1870, p. 182 f.) sugtrested ' sous toutcs reserves ' that it might be the Kgyp. re^t, ' image qu'oo porte but le cou, collier en forme d'iniaije,' which occurs in ch. 162 of the Book qf the Dead,— la Bud^'e's tr. p. 290, ' [This chapter] shall be recited over the image (repit) of a cow, which ehall De made In fine gold, and placed at the neck of the deceased* (cf. Budge's Vocab. p. 194X This is Blender evidence that repit (or erpit) means a ' collar.' There is a Sem. root, Arab, rabada, one meaning of which is to tis.
t TK of Mk 6S Hpeaks of our Lord as * the son of the carpenter* (— y Mt 18^), but the true reading is ' the caipenter' (see oelowX
t i{ •'■•» uti war^teii A. PoBsibty the former term Is the wider, and includes even those odoptra into the household, while the latter refers more strictly to those of the line of the rmri^.
6 Canon Gore (Hampton Lects., 1891, p. 78) points out that Mt narrates everything from Joseph's side. Lk from Mary's, and adds that this snggeste that the narrative of Mt is ultimately based on Joseph's account, Lk on Mary's. If this be true we may conjecture that Mt's was derived mediately through James the Lorri's brother.
II Or. (.1. Datnian writee to the author of the present article as follows: * Edereheim (/.(fe and Tinxes o/Jeruf, i. IM) is wrong in stating that Joseph had a choice in legally divorcing her either publiclv or privately. Divorce has always been a prirat« actn No public act of divorce exists. The ff/t (bill of dlvoroe, which la given solely in the woman's interest), never oontAlns reasons for the divorce. Two witnesses are only necessary that they may state that the gft was really handed over by CAis man to this woman. Krth. 74>>, 7M, quotinl by Kdersheim, does not refer to divorce ttj«clf. but to doubts at>ou't the formal legality of an a<'t of divorce which arose a.ftrrvurds, and could become a re-uton for hearing the decision of a oourt of Justice. Some Rabbis believed that no husband would be likely to rtsort to a measurs which would expos* his former wife to tti* shoB* of having to do wltb k ooart ol ]a*tlo«.'
7"; 6 JOSEPH, MAEY'S HUSBAND
JOSEPH, MARY'S HUSBA^il)
vould Imve settled in Jiulii-a but for fear of Ari-liL-I.iiis iind tlie direct wuriiin^ tliiit lie received by drcjiiu. Assuming tlie truth of tlie inference from lyk's langua-je, we must suppose that Mt was not concerned with matters of merely private im- portance, and that in accordance with liis scheme of showing iiublicly the Messianic character of Jesus, he omitted evcrythin-; that did not illustrate this. The significance of the birth being at Beth- lehem (in the relation of that town to DaNad and to the prophecy of Micah, and in its nearness to Itnchel's tomb, Gn So'-' 48', with the midrashic n|)pIication of Jer 31"), and the interest of the removal to Egypt, make it natural that Nazareth BJiould not be mentioned until this town in its turn allected the public life of Jesus. Mt then, in refer- ence to our Lord's familiar name ('Jesus the Naza- rene') being derived from it, characteristically connects it with prophetic words (2-^, Is 11').
(3) We further learn from Lk that Joseph was present when the shepherds came to Bethlehem (2") ; that he as well as Mary brought up the Babe to present Him to the Lord, and marvelled at the tilings that were being said about Ilira (2^- ^) ; that lie used to go every year to Jerusalem at the passover (2"- "), certainly with Marj', and perhaps with the Child ; and that when the Boy was twelve years old and stayed on after the days of the feast were over, he sliared with ALary in the an.xiety, and, like her, did not understand the naive wonder of Jesus at their searching for Him (2""°") ; yet his and Mary's authority remained unquestioned in the daily life of the home at Nazareth (2")-
(4) We gather from the remaining references to Joseph that (a) our Lord was commonly known as Jesus ben-Joseph, Jn I" (? at Bethsaida), Lk i'^ at Nazareth, and Jn 6^' at Capernaum ; and (6) Joseph was known, or remembered, as the carpenter (Mt IS"").
(5) Nothing is said about Joseph's death. But the command to St. John at the Cross (Jn 19=«"), and the reference to ' Mary the mother of Jesus, and His brethren' (Ac 1") immediately after the Ascension, imply that his death too"k phue at least before the Crueifi.\ion. Further, the fact that he is not mentioned with Mary and His bretliren when they sought Him (Alt 12^^ and parallels), suggests that he was already dead before the middle of our Lord's ministry. Probably the usual opinion is right, viz. that he was dead before our Lord's mini.stry began.
II. The Life of Joseph from Apocryphal Sources.* — The account of Joseph is put into our Lord's mouth as He sat on the Alt. of Olives with His disciples (Denlh Jos., Boh. § i.). He is from Bethlehem, and marries his first wife when 40 years old, living 49 yeais with her in wedlock (ib. § xiv.). He has four sons and two daughters, his wife dying when James is still young. He and his t>ro sons work as carpenters {Death Jos., Boh. § ii.). They, however, and his two daughters are married, and he dwells with James his youngest son (ib. Boh. § xi. 1). He is one year alone before Mary is given to him {ib. Boh. § xiv.). The priests seek a widower to whom they niaj' espouse Mary (who has been in the temple from the age of three to