xi. The Religious Teaching of tiik Bk. of JO.SIIUA. — As was to be expected, the religious teaching of the book is niainlj' found in its later stratjv — the Deuteronomic and the Priestly. We have seen how they fulfil the scheme of the destiny of Israel on the lines lai<l down in the Pentateuch, and how the Deuteronomist enforces the law ae prescribed in the Bk. of Dt. or records instances of its execution. But it is also to the Deuteronomist sections tliat we owe the fervent religious exhorta- tions to Joshua and the people, which are the
* It was completed by Sba'albim and Aijaloo and posalblj KlrUth-Jeuim.
788
JOSIAH
JOSIAH
mrtions of the book most frennently employed in Cliristinn jirenching and teacfiinj;. The story of Acimn, as it has passed from the hand of the latest redactor, is a lesson of lO'eat power, on the i)Ossi- bility of individual sellisTmessand avarice wrecking the enterprises of the whole community. But to one of the earlier sources, probably E (see above, § iv. (•), we owe the finest religious conception in the book, that of the appearance of the Angel to Joshua (ch. 5"""). It is a noble illustration of the truth, that, in tlie great causes of God ui)on the earth, the leaders, however sujireme and solitarv they seem, are themselves led. There is a rocK higher than they ; their shoulders, however broad, have not to bear alone the awful burden of re- sponsibility. The sense of supernatural conduct and protection, the consequent reverence and humility which form the spirit of all Israel's history, have nowhere in the OT received a more beautiful e.xpression than in this early fragment.
LlTERATi^RB.— 1. Coiunientanes, Introductions, and BimUar works. — St. Au^stin, Lonttionfs de lib. Jos., Opera, iii. 587 fT. ; Is. Abrabonel, Comm. in I'roph. Priort^, 1511 or 1512, also at Leipz. \&&6 ; John Calvin, Comm. in lib. Jomtce, 1564 (the lost of C.'s works); Andreas Masius, Josiue Jmperat. lliiloria Illustrata, etc., Antvcqi. 1574 ; Bonfrfere, Comm. in Jos. Jud, et Butfi, Paris, 1631 (not seen) ; Osiander, Coinm. in Jos.^ Tubingen. 1681; 8eb. Schmidt, Pro'Uctionet Academics in VIII. priora tti>. Jot, Capita, Hamb. 1693 (not seen); Job. Clericus, Comm. in tibrot higtor. VT, Amsterd. 1708 ; Vic Strifjelius, Lib. Jos. . . . 1710 ; Com. a Lapide, Comm. in Jos., Antverp. 1718; Alex. Oeddes, The Hotu Bible, tram. wUh note*, crii. remarks, etc, vol. i., London, 1792 ; De Wette, BeitTaije t EiiUeit. in's AT, Halle, 1806-1S07, Lehrbuch der Ilitt. hrit. Kinl. z. den Eanon. u. Apokr. BH, des A T, 1st ed. 1S17, 8th before his death in 1819, 7th byStiihelin in 1862, Sth by Schroder, 1869 (an Eng. trans, by Theodore Parker, 1843) ; Bleek, KiniQC Aphorist. Beitr. 2. d. UntersiLchuiujen ilb. d, Pentateitch in the Bih. exrg. Rrpertorium, lid. 1, Leipz. 1S22, cf. his A'iiu". in's AT, 1st ed. 1860, 6th ed. 1886; Maurer, Komm. uti. d. B. Josxta, Stutt^rart, 1831 (not seen) ; J. L. Konig, A T Situlien, . H(t. 1836 (not seen) ; Keil, Komm. ii. d. B. Jos., Krlangcn, 1847, then in his Bibl. Comm. with Delitzsch, Jos. Iticht. Bulh, Leipz. 1863, 2nd ed. 1874 ; Knobel, Komm. I. Nn. Dt. u. Jos., Leipzig, 1861 ; J. W.Colenso, The Pent, and Bk. 0/ Jot. eritically examined, London, 186^-1871 ; Kuenen, Hist.-Crit. Ondenoelfl, i. 1, 1885; Wellhausen, Die Compoxition dfs riexatetuhs, Berlin, 1886 (Jahrl). /. Deutsche Theol. 1876, 1877) ; Dillmann, A'u. Dt. und Joma, 1886 ; Vatke, Einl. in das AT, 1886 (posthumous); \V. R. Smith, Ol'JC, 1892; Addis, Documents of the Uexateuch, London, i. 1892, ii. 1898; Driver, Introd. to the Lit. o/ the OT^, 1891, 6th ed. 1897; cf. art. 'Bk. of Joshua" in Smith's DB^, 1893: Holzinger, Bin- leitung in den Ue.xateuch, 1893; Brigcs, Hiyher Crit. of the UexaUmch, New York, 1893, 2na ed. Isa? ; Oet'tli, Dt. and Josh. (not seen) in Strack's Ktff. Komm. 1S94 ; W. II. Bennett, Primer of the Bible, London, 1^97, esp. p. 90 and Appendix A.
2. Histories of Israel in which the composition and historical value of the Bk. of Joshua are more or less discussed. — Ewald, vol. L (first published in 1843) ; Stade, vol. i. ISSl ; Kittel, vol. i. 1888.
S. Other works chiefly on the Text, Analysis of Documents, etc. (a) More general.— Konig ; Noldeke, AT Liter. 1868, and Untertueh. z. KritiJc des AT, 1869. (6) Special.— Hollenberg in SE 1874, pp. 462-606, and Der Charakter der Alex. Utber- tetz. des B. Jos. 1876 (not seen): Budde in ZATW, 1887, pp. 93-166. Riehter u. Josua, 1888, p. 148, see also his lUchter u. Samuel, Giessen, 1890, pp. 1-89 ; Albers, Die Quellenberichte in Josua i.-xiL 1891 ; W. H. Bennett, ' Bk. of Jos.,' Crit. Ed. of Heb. Text in Uaupl's SBOT. (c) Archaological.— Clermont- Ganneau, A reh. Researches in Pal. 1896, ii. 23 5., 308, 3-28 f. , 491.
G. A. Smith. JOSIAH (.i.'i^rt", '.Tt"!*', 'J* supports').—!. A king of Judah. He was the son of Amon and grandson of Manasseh. His mother's name is given as Jedidah, the daughter of Adaiah (2 K 22'). His father was killed by conspirators after a brief reign of two years. His murderers were brought to justice, and Josiah placed on the throne at the age of eight (2 K 2V-*). The date of his accession v.-aa probably B.C. 639, and his reign lasted thirty- one years, till B.C. 608. During the early part of his reign matters seem to have gone on much as before, the king being too young to introduce any change, if he had been disposed to do so. It was not till the eighteenth year of his reign that the reformation took place which marked an epoch in the history of the national religion. The pro- phetic party, which had attained great influence nnder llezekiah, had lost it under Manasseh,