This characteristic of the prophet Joel may, however, Bugrgest ft somewhat ditlerent conclusion. His frequent use of the names of real localities in his prophecies may be appealed to as making; it probable that the vision of the Valley of Jehosha- phat may also be connected with a real locality. It may be noted that the word used by the Chronicler (2 Ch 20^) to describe the valley in which Jehoshaphat assembled the people after his victory over the combined forces of the Edomites, .Unmonites, and Moabites is the same word (P7t) which is twice used by Joel to describe the valley of Jehoshaphat. The author of Ch is, of course, one of the later writers of the OT, but he is more ancient than the other authorities quoted. The historical event is recorded in Kiiif^s as well as in Chronicles, thoujrh the account in Ch is fuller. Tlie defeat of so many nations, and the ^eat deliverance thus granted to Judah tn the pajit, might have seemed to the prophet a not unapt type of the future ^n^therin^r of the nations, and of the victory over them wiiich he foretold. This might help to e-xplain the trans- ference of the title the * Valley of Jehoshaphat ' to the Kidron valley in later times : for the valley which was the scene of Jehoshaphat's victory stretches very near that part of the Kidron which turns towards the Dead Sea.
At the present time the Jewish as well a-s the Christian and Mohammedan population of Pales- tine identify the valley of Kidron with the scene of Joel's prophecy, and believe that the Last Judgment will be held there. It is the dearest wish of every Jew to obtain a grave at Kidron.
One of the four monuments by the Kidron at the foot of the Mount of Olives is a.s.TOciated by popular tradition with Jehoshaphat, though it is recorded in 1 K •li'" that Jehoshaphat wa-s buried In the city of David. This is repeated in 2 Ch 21'.
The title given to Kidron in Jer 31" ' the valley of the dead bodies,' suggests that Ezekiel, who 80 often repeats more fully notes which had been struck by .Jeremiah, may have inten<led to repre- sent Kidron by the valley of dry Ixines to which he was carried out in the spirit of the Lord (Ezk 37). The imagery, indeed, of the vision may have been suggested by sights which he had seen in Mesopotamia, in the desert track where, as Stanley remarks, Ixmes and skeletons of man and beaat, the remnant-s of some va.Mt caravan or the burial- place of some mighty host of ancient days, dry and bleaching in the yellow sands, would form a flight familiar to travellers through the wilder- ness; yet, as in a ilrenm, imagerj' taken from one jilace is often transferred to anotln'r and a distant locality, so it may have been with the i>ropliet whose spirit wa.s so often in the land of Israel while his body was by the banks of the Chcbiir {cf. Kzk 40''), and wlio by the words with which ch 37 opens seems to roiire-sent the locality to which he was carried out as a distant one.
• miBiTVRB.— Robinson. Dltl-* 1. 231 l.,im fl., 541 : Buhl, OA P »3, lS2t.; PKF M'm. Jenisalem volume, Vii ; ZDPV v. 3IH f., 3*3 f.; Benringer. lleb. Areh. 41 fT.; Neubauer. G^og. du Tutnt. kit.; Lees, Jfnualan lUiulrated, V^tl.; driver and Nowock «o Jl 3^ See also arts. JuioaaaniiT (Vallit or) and Jkbc- aAj.111 in the present volume. J. H. KhNNKDV.
KIDRON (in 1 Mac 15* t^v Keipiiv [KaiSp-] A, X om. Tiji' ; in V.*' rriv KfSpii A, KeSpJiv {{*, Xe^jpuw j^». a. 0. b. in IQO Kedpuif AK). — A place fortified by Cendebieus(l Mac IS***'), and the point to wliicn he was pursued after his defeat by the sons of Simon the Maccabee (10"). It is named in con- nexion with Janmia, and may be the modern Kntrah near Yehna. It is possibly the same town that is called Gederoth in Jos 15", 2 Ch 28'".
LmauTLBit.— SH'i" vol. iU. sheet xvL ; Gu^rin, Judit, ii. S5 1. ; Baedeker-Socio, Pal.'i UQ ; Buhl, GAP 188 ; Dillm. oo JoalSM.
KILAN (A KiUv, B KfAdi-, AV Ceilan), 1 Es 5'». — SLxty-seven sons of Kilan and Azetas returned with Zerub. from captivity. There are no corre- sponding names in the lists of Ezr 2 and Nell 7.
KINAH (.ij'p). — A town in the extreme south of Judah, Jos 15^. The site is unknown. The common noun kinah means ' wailing song,' ' lament for the dead' ; but it is pos-sible that the name of the above town is derived from the Jfenites ("'P). who settled in the Negeb(Nu 10**), and had several cities in that quarter (1 S 30*'). See DiUm. Josun, p. 525.
KINDNESS (ijn [see carefnl study of this term in W. K. Smith, Pr'oph. of Isr. 16011 406]; x/JTjcrrir,,!). — 1. Religion is and ought to be determinative of human life in general, and so in particular it moulds the grace of kindness. God was kind to the people of Israel, looking upon their affliction in Egypt and delivering them (Ex 3). The people were frequently reminded of this merciful intervention of J", and it was set before them as the ground of obedience and of action resembling His. Israel was not to oppress or vex a stranger, but to love him, for they knew the heart of a stranger, having been strangers in Egypt (Ex 22=' 23», Lv 19»'). The laws in the Book of tlie Covenant are specially marked by the requirement of kindness to the poor and needy, ana the succeeding laws and the exnortations of the prophets continue to press the obligation. Indeed, God's pardon for sin and His rich spiritual bless- ings are made dependent in part on the suppliant's kindne.ss to others in distress (Is l'»-" oS"'').