Earle (Psalter of 1539, p. 267) points out that, in place of ‘lack’ of previous versions, AV often has ‘want.’ He quotes Ps 231 ‘therefore can I lack nothing’ in 1539, ‘I shall not want’ in 1611; Jg 1810,Lk 154. And he explains that the word ‘lack’ had in the meantime suffered depreciation from the use of it as a common interpellation by stall-keepers to passers-by : What d’ye lack, what d’ye lack? To Earle’s examples add Ja 14 Tind. ‘lacking nothing,’ AV ‘wanting nothing’; and for the subst., ‘for lacke of knowlage’ in the Camb. MS of Ridley’s Brefe Declaration, reprinted by Moule (p. 95), changed in the Oxford and ‘modernized’ MS into ‘ want.’
J. HASTINGS.
LAD.—In OT the only word tr® ‘lad’ is "2 na‘ar (33 times), and in NT παιδάριον (once, Jn 6°). Like - naar in Heb., ‘lad’ has always been used collo- quially in Eng. for ‘servant.’ Once RV changes ‘lad’ into ‘servant,’ 2 K 419 * And he said to a lad (τσ, RV ‘his servant’), Carry him to his mother.’ Tindale uses the word of Joshua, Ex 33" ‘And when Moses turned agayne in to the hoste, the ladd Josua his servaunte the sonne of Nun departed not out of the tabernacle’ (AV ‘his servant [RV ‘minister’] Joshua the son of Nun, a young man’). Once the Khem. version translates. παῖς by ‘lad,’ Mt 1718 ‘the ladde was cured from that houre’ (AV and all previous versions ‘child,’ RV ‘ boy’).
J. HASTINGS.
LADAN (73). —1. A name occurring in the
genealogy of Joshua, 1Ch 7% (Λαδδάν). 2 A Gershonite family name, 1 Ch 237-89 (B ᾿Εδάν,
A Λεαδάν) 2644 (B Xaddv, Aaddy is, A Λεδάν δέ, Λααδάν). In θ}7 it appears as 11} Ν1 (wh. see).
LADDER (050, «\uat).—4. Jacob in his dream at Bethel saw a ‘ladder’ set up on the earth and reaching to heaven (Gn 28!). The Heb. word occurs only here, and though LXX renders it by κλίμαξ it has been doubted whether ‘ladder’ con- veys its exact meaning.* The heights near Bethel
* Henderson (Expos. Times, Jan. 1893, p. 151 f.) contends
that Jacob's ‘ladder’ was really a temple-tower similar to the Babylonian E-Sagila
--------- — — — — ———C—sS<S;C Cd
LADDER OF TYRE
LAHATLROI n |
are said to present the appearance of steps from certain points of view, and it has been conjectured that in Jacob’s dream the piled-up rocks around him were transformed into a vast stairway on which angels went and came (Dillm. and others note that the angels are conceived as wingless. See ANGEL, vol. i. p. 945). The visionary ‘ladder’ was a symbol to Jacob of the communication with God which was open to him, and Christ alluded to it in claiming that this communication between heaven and earth would be perfected in Himself (Jn 1°). See Bush, Notes on Genesis; Dods, Genesis, in loc. 2. In 1 Mac 5* ladders are mentioned among the preparations for the siege of Dathema. The use of sealing ladders for attacking fortified walls was generalin ancient warfare. Such ladders are repre- sented on Egyptian and Assyrian monuments, as well as on later classical remains. See Wilkinson, Ancient Egyptians, i. 243; Erman, Ancient Egypt, 583; Layard, Nineveh, ii. 372; Riistow u. κύν᾽ Geschichte des Griechischen Kriegswesens, 205, 320 ; Rich, Rom. and Gr. Antiquities, s.v. ‘Scale.’ JAMES PATRICK.
LADDER OF TYRE (ἀπὸ τῆς κλίμακος Τύρου ; Vulg. a terminis Tyri; Syr. ‘from the borders of Tyre,’ 1 Mac 11%; Talm. mst xpd; “ κλίματος in Alex. 64, 93 ist vielleicht vorwitzige* Aende- rung des unverstandenen Ausdrucks,’ Grimm, Handbuch zu den Apokryphen, loc. cit.).—This was evidently a prominent landmark ; it is given as the northern limit of the territory to the captaincy of which Antiochus VI. promoted Simon Reece eae (1 Mae 11°; Jos. Ant. xu. ν. 4). In describing the situation of Acre, Josephus mentions it again, as a mountain lying about 100 stadia to the north (BJ τι. x. 2). The mountains stand round the plain of Acre almost in the form of a semi- circle, terminating S.W. and ΝΟ. in the bold promontories of Carmel and Rds en-Naktrah, which drop precipitously on the shore. Between the base of Carmel and the beach there is a strip of land, leaving room for a highway, which affords free communication between the plain of Acre and that of Sharon. The clifis of Rds en-Nakirah, on the contrary, plunge straight into the waves, and the journey northward is made with difficulty over the height. This has led many to identify Rés en-Naktrah with the ‘Ladder’ to be scaled before the land of the Tyrians could be approached. But when this obstacle is surmounted, a not less for- midable barrier is interposed between the traveller and Tyre by Rds el-Abyad, ‘the white promon- tory,’ Pliny’s Promontoriwm album, at afew miles’ distance, on the northern edge of a pleasant vale. The clitis of this headland ‘of white indurated marl interlaced with scams of dark-coloured flint,’ fall from a great height, sheer iato the sea. Along the face of the precipice a pathway has been cut, to be traversed not without danger; the crags rising steeply from the edge on one hand, and on the other a perpendicular descent, the waves booming among the rocks and caves 200 ft. below. The ascent to this path is cut after the manner of a staircase. This, perhaps, has led some to identify the Ladder of Tyre with Rds el-Abyad. But the same was true of 5 en-Nakiirah before certain recent alterations (PEF Mem. i. 192). Asher hazards the conjecture that Benjamin of Tudela intended this place by Ὃν πρὶπ (vol. 11. p. 75).