Interesting light is thrown on sundry details also by Arnold Meyer, Jesu Muttersprache, pp. 176, Leipzig, 1896 ; and Edward Hicks, Traces of Gr. Philosophy and Rom. Law in the NT, pp. 187, Lond. 1896.
The multiplying of manuals of a popular character (Combe, Huddilston, Moulton) indicates a growing interest in the language, and emphasizes the demand for a new work by a master hand which shall combine the excellencies of the standard treatises of Winer and Buttmann, utilize the knowledge of the subject which has accumulated during the last thirty years or more, and furnish a student with a compact yet com- plete handbook.—{1897]. J. H. THAYER.
LANTERN occurs only in Jn 188 ‘with lanterns and torches and weapons,’ where it is the tr. of gavés, a word which occurs only here in biblical Greek, and is not common elsewhere. That ‘torch’ would be a more accurate rendering than ‘lantern’ seems clear from Xenophon’s ὑπὸ φανοῦ πορεύεσθαι (Rep. Lac. v. 7). The word is formed directly from φαίνω ‘to give light.’ The Eng. tr. is from Wyclif, ‘with lanternis and brondis and armys,’ who thus translates the Vulg. ‘eum laternis et facibus et armis,’ and all the versions follow with ‘lanterns’ (except Cov. who has ‘with cres- hettes, with lanternes, and with weapens’). ‘ Lan- tern’ was formerly used with more freedom than
now. Wye. translates Jn 5° ‘Sothli he was a lanterne brennynge and schynynge’ (Tind. ‘ He
was a burninge and a shyninge light’; Geneva, ‘candle’), and Ps 119" ‘Lanterne to my feet thi woord ; and light to myn pathis’ (1388 * Thi word is a lanterne’); so Cov. ‘Thy worde is a lanterne unto my fete, and a light unto my pathes,’ and this is the form in which the verse 15 quoted at the time; as, Tind. Rapanione (Parker Soc.), » 149; Ridley, Brefe Declaration, 96, ‘by the nae of thy worde’; Knox, Works, iii. 301, ‘The bryght lantarne to the fete of these that by nature walke in darkenesse’; and Davenant, Fast Sermon (Kuller’s Life, p. 276).
Trench in his V7’ Synonyms, p. 157 ff., endeavours to dis
tions covered may be widely diflerent (cf. e.g. ds 1 tinguisb the five words φῶς, φέγγος, φωστήρ, λύχνος, and Anurag
[Ὶ LAODICEA
LAODICEA
but he seems to have forgotten φανός, Φῶς and φέγγος mean ‘light,’ the former chiefly the light of the sun, the latter chiefly that of the moon, Φωστήρ is a luminary. Λύχνος, he thinks, should always be translated ¢ lamp,’ and Aaures * torch.’ These distinctions are valid, though it is not possible to ob- serve them invariably. How far the RV has done so may be seen from the following list :—
φῶς is everywhere ‘light’ in AV and RV, except Ja 117 AV and RV ‘lights’ (‘the Father of lights,’ τῶν φώτων), Ac 162 RV (‘he calla for lights,’ φῶτα); in Mk 14% AV renders πρὸς τὸ φῶς ‘at the fire,’ and in the par. passage Lk 2256 ‘ by the fire,’ RV both ‘in the light of the fire’; in Eph 5% edd. prefer ὁ χαρπὸς τοῦ φῶτος for TR τοῦ σνεύματος, whence RV ‘the fruit of the light’ for AV ‘the fruit of the Spirit.”
φωστήρ is ‘light,’ Rev 211), and in plu. ‘lights,’ Ph 215, in both versions, with RVm ‘luminaries.’
φίγγος occurs only in Mt 2429, Mk 13%, Lk 1133, and both versions have ‘light.’
λαμσάς is in AV translated ‘lamp’ in Mt 251.347.8, and RV retains with marg. ‘torch,’ also in Rev 45, which RV retains without margin. In Rev 810 RV turns AV ‘lamp’ into ‘ torch,’ but retains AV ‘torch’ in Jn 158 and ‘light’ in Ac 208.
λύχνος has been translated ‘lamp’ in RV in all its occurrences, but AV varies between ‘candle’ in Mt 515, Mk 421, Lk 816 1188. 36 158, Rev 18% 225; and ‘light’ in Mt 6%, Lk 1154 1235, Jn 535, 2P 12%, Rey 21%. J. HASTINGS.
LAODICEA (Λαοδικία, Tisch. and WH, as appears in δὲ everywhere, and in B Col 2!, Rev 1}} 3": Laodicia or Laudicia often in Latin Versions. B has Λαοδίκεια in Col 43-18; so TR everywhere. “Λαοδίκεια is certainly the correct Greek form ; it is the practically universal form in Greek literature, Strabo, Steph. Byz., Philostratus, etc., also an inscription dated [ἀπὸ Λαοδικείας A.D. 129.* The good Latin form is Laodicea, not Laodicia. The early Turkish form Ladhik+ [compare Ladik, still ΟΝ of the Pontic and Lycaonian cities] points to Λαοδίκεια. The forms Λαυδίκεια and Λαδίκεια ocenr later).—Laodicea, distinguished from other cities of the same name as ἐπὶ τῷ Λύκῳ, or ad Lycum, was founded probably by Antiochus 1. Theos, B.c. 261-246, and named after his wife Laodike. It was placed on a spur of the low hills fringing the Lycos valley on the south, about 2 miles south from the river. It is close to the station Gonjelli on the Ottoman Railway, and the branch line to Denizli runs up the valley of the little river Asopos, close to the western gates of the city. It was distant only 6 miles from Hiera- eal) and 11 from Colossz (Col 4!*-18). Behind the
ills to the south, only a few miles away from the city, rises the great range of Mount Salbakos (Baba Dagh), and to the south-east Mount Kadmos (Khonas Dach), both reaching to the height of about 8000 ft. above the sea, while the city is only about 800 or 900 ft. above the sea. Before Laodicea was founded, the chief town or village of this part of the valley was certainly situated at Denizli, 6 miles south, close under Salbakos, where the natural water-supply was extraordinarily abundant; and after Laodicea decayed, about the end of the 11th cent., Denizli again took its place as the chief city of the whole valley.t Laodicea was dependent for its water on an aqueduct whose maintenance required more skill and prudence than could be applied in the 12th cent. It has ever since been called Eski-Hissar, ‘the Old Fortress,’ as distinguished from the modern city Denizli, ‘ Full of Waters.’