or ordained (on two occasions in December) fifteen bishops and eighteen priests’ (Brev. Rom.).
LITERATURE. — Pearson, De serie et successione primorum Rome Episcoporum (1688); Lightfoot, St. Clement of Rome 1890); Harnack, Die Chronologie der Altchristlichen Litteratur Gn: Duchesne, Liber Pontisicalis, i. (1884-86).
. A. REDPATH.
LION.—1. The generic name for lion is “s drt or πον “aryéh, pl. oN ’drayim and ns drayéth. This word is used literally (Jg 145: ὃ ete.), of figures (1 Καὶ 7” ete.), in comparison (Gn 49°, Nu 23% etc.), metaphorically (Gn 49°, Nah 213 ete.). 2. 15d képhir, is the young lion (Jg 14° ete.). 3. 73 gir, 3 gér, signifies whelp or cub in general. It is applied to the young of 1558 tannin (La 43, AV ‘sea monsters,’ RV ‘jackals’; preferably, in our opinion, wolves. See DRAGON, 4). It is usually spplied to lions’ cubs (Gn 499, Ezk 198 ete. In the latter passage the distinction between gir and képhir is clearly brought out). It is used metaphorically, for the Babylonians (Jer 51%) and the Assyrians (Nah 24-14), for Judah (Gn 499), for Dan (Dt, 33), and for the Israelites (Ezk 19? ete.). 4. »3> labi’ and x2) lébiyyah, cognate with the Arab. labwah, labuah, labiah, or labadh. They are poetic forms in Heb. (Gn 499 ete.). The masculine ending is paralleled by athén=she-ass, rahel=ewe, and “éz=she-goat. There are numer- ous parallels in the Arab. 5. wb layish, is a poetical word for the lion, possibly derived from the idea of his courage and strength (Is 30 ete.). Its Arab. equivalent is /aith, evidently the same as the Aram. πὸ and the Greek λῖς (Hom. JJ. xi. 239, xv. 275). 6. Snow shahal, is another poetical epithet of the lion, derived from his roaring (Job 4 ete.) 7. γπ0 3 béné-shahaz, is tr. ‘lion’s whelps’ (Job 28°, RV ‘proud beasts,’ m. ‘sons
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LION
of pride’), The same word is tr? (RV Job 415) ‘sons [AV ‘children’] of pride.’ Undoubtedly thia is the correct tr., being figurative for the more noble beasts of prey. In the first passage, after the general expression ‘sons of pride,’ comes the specification of the lion as one of the noble beasts. There are about four hundred words in Arab. for the lion. Most of them are attributives. It is very common to give the name Asad=‘ lion’ to boys, as a prophecy of their prowess. This name and that of other strong animals, as the leopard and the wolf, are given to some boys, born after the death of an older brother, in the hope that the strength of the animal will inhere in him, and so his life may be preserved. As there is abundant evi dence that lions were common in Greece as late as the times of Xerxes, so we learn from the OT that they were numerous in Palestine in ancient times. They made their dens in the thickets (Jer 47 etc.), JSorests (Jer 5° ete.), mountains (Ca 48, Ezk 199). The ‘swelling of the Jordan,’ t.e. the fringe of thickets between its upper and lower banks, was among the favourite haunts of the lion (Jer 4913 50%, Zee 118). Reland (Pal. i. 274) says that they were found here as late as the end of the 12th cent. They are met with even now in Mesopotamia. The lion of Palestine was probably the one described by Pliny (viii. 18); ‘the body is shorter and more compact, and the mane more crisp and curly.’ This sort is the same as that found in Persia and Mesopotamia, and figured on the Assyrian monu- ments. Layard, however, says that he has seen lions in Mesopotamia with long black manes (Nin. and Bab. 487). It would seem that the lions of Pales- tine were less formidable beasts than those of Africa, as shepherds sometimes attacked them single-handed (1S 17%-%*), Samson rent one in twain (Jg 14°). Amos says, ‘as the shepherd taketh out of the mouth of the lion two legs or a piece of an ear’ (3:3). Lions were sometimes sent as a scourge to the people (2 K 17 etc.). They often attacked and devoured men (1 K 13” ete.; ef. Ps 2217 (Ὁ, where Aquila is now known to have read 7x3). They were hunted by driving them with loud shouts into pits or nets (Is 314, Ezk 19*: 8). The passage telling of the exploit of Benaiah (2 5 23%) reads sayin ὑπ vyy-ny az. AV text tr. ‘slew two lionlike men (m. ‘lions of God,’ RV (supplying 33, after LX X] ‘ the two sons of Ariel’) of Moab.’ We read also that ‘he slew a lion in the midst of a pit in time of snow.’ Oriental monarchs had pits of lions (Dn 67), the animals being used as executioners, but not for combats with other animals or with gladiators, as among the Romans. The qualities of the lion alluded to in Scripture are (1) his royal power and strength (Gn 499, Pr 30”). In this respect he was the type of Christ, ‘the Lion of the Tribe of Judah’ (Rev 5°). Lions were sculptured on the temple and king’s house (1 K 739-86 10! 2), The castle of ‘Irakel-Amir in Gilead has lions carved on its face. (2) His courage (Pr 381 ete.). (3) His cruelty (Ps 22" ete.), compared with the malignity of Satan (1 P 5°). Four words express the voice of the lion. 1. "νῷ sha’ag (Jg 14° ete.), the true roar of the roaming lion seeking its prey (1 P 58). This is also used of the thunder (Job 374). 2. 073 nd@ham, the savage yell with which he lays hold of his victim (Is 5*’).* 3. 727 hagah, the angry growl, when an attempt is made to dispossess him of his prey (Is 31‘). 4, τἷι n@ar, the imperfect roar or growl of the whelps (Jer 6138). This term is used in Syriac te express the braying of asses and the gurgling of camels. There are six words employed to denote the * W. R. Smith (Prophets1, 129, 248) reckons sha’ag the roar at the moment of the spring, naam the growl with which the lion devours his prey.