MASCHIL
The motive of this is, according to Petavius, a ‘kind of olay: lurking, as Augustine says, nay, implanted in human hearts, which is greatly abhorrent from theology, that is, from the gravity of heavenly wisdom.’
LireraturE.—Hofmann, R., Leben Jesu nach den Apokryphen erzihit, 1851; Protevangelium Jacobi, Evang. Thome, Evang. de Nativitate Maria, the Latin Historia de Nativitate Mare et de Infantia Salvatoris, the Arabic Historia Josephi and Evangelium Infantie, de Dormitione, and de Transitu Marie. All these are translated in Clark’s Ante-Nicene Christian Library, vol. 16. Marriott, Testimony of the Catacombs; Mra. Jameson, genes of the Madonna; K. Hase, Handbuch d. Protestant- tschen Polemik gegen die rimisch-katholischen Kirche, ed. 4, 1878; Lehner, be Marienverehrung in den ersten Jahrhun- derten, 1881; V. Schulte, Archdologische Studien tiber alt- christlichen Monumente, 1880 ; Review of Mariolatry, Liturgical, Devotional, Doctrinai (Anon.), Rivington, 1869; Tyler, Romish Worship of the Virgin ; Augusti, Denkwiirdigkeiten aus ἃ. christ- lichen Archdologie, vol. iii. 1-124 ; Schaff, Creeds of Christendom, vol. i. PP, 108-128 ; Lechler, John Wyclif, Eng. tr. ; Seebohm, Oxford Reformers; Burgon, Letters from Rome; sey, Eirenicon, 1865, pp. 101-190, Letter to Newman on the Immacu- late Conception, 1869; Gore, Dissertations, London, 1895 ; Her- bs oe Real-Encyclopadie f. | siege Theologie, 8.0. ‘Maria.’
m. Cath.—Newman, Hssay on Devel t, 1846, pp. 376- 888, 398-409, Letter to Pusey on his Eirenicon, 1866, pp. 28-159 ; Liguori, Glories of Mary, Eng. tr. 1868; Rohault de Fleury, La Sainte Vierge, 2 vols. 1878; Livius, The B. V. in t. Fathers the First Siz Centuries, 1893; Wilhelm and Scannel, Manual of Catholic Theology, based on Scheeben’s Dogmatik, 1890, vol. ii. pp. 122-126, 208-224; Addis and Arnold, Catholic Dictionary, ed. 4, 1893 (under headings ‘ Mary,’ ‘Loretto,’ ‘Immaculate Conception,’ ‘Saints,’ ‘ Assumption’); Wetzer and Welte’s Kirchenlexikon, vol. viii. ed. 2, 1893 (under headings ‘Maria,’ ‘Marienfeste,’ Marienlegenden,’ ‘Marien- wallfahrtsorte ’), where a full bibliography will be found. J. B. MAyor.
MASCHIL.—See PsALms.
MASH (v>).—A son of Aram, Gn 103, The par- allel passage 1 Ch 1” substitutes Meshech; the LXX in both has Mécox. A name corresponding with Mash is found in Assyrian ἸΠΒΟΤΙ Ρ ΙΟΠΕ, especially the cylinder R™ of Assurbanipal, who, in describing his Arabian campaign, sayshe marched through tie desert of Mash, ‘a place of thirst and fainting, whither comes no bird of the heaven, neither do asses nor gazelles feed there’ (S. A. Smith’s edition, i. pp. 67, 68). Frd. Delitzsch (Paradies, 242, 243) interprets this to mean the Syrian desert ; Glaser (Skizze, ii. 419), as ‘ the in- terior of Western Arabia’; and the word, according to Delitzsch, is foreign, and means ‘ wilderness.’
D. S. MARGOLIOUTH.
MASHAL ($y, Maacd).—1 Ch 674 [Heb. *]. See
MISHAL,
MASIAS (A Maolas, B Mewalas), 1 Es 5*%.—One of Solomon’s servants (RVm Misaias). The name is absent from the parallel list in Ezra.
MASON.—In Syria masons both hew and build. In hewin Hey use the different kinds of hammers mentioned under art. HAMMER. In Ezr 37, 1 Ch 995, hewers (0°3¥h) are mentioned ; the word in Arab. VS is nahdtin, those who smoothed the stones. Masons use several instruments in building—the plumb line, a line wound on a reel for laying the courses of stone, a long rod of wood about 6 ft. in length, and a very curious kind of trowel. The trowel is of iron, about a foot long, fully an inch broad in the widest part, and tapers to a point; it is about half an inch thick. It is used asa lever for putting the stone exactly into its place, as well as for spreading the mortar.
The masons of Lebanon seem still to be the skilled builders of Palestine and Syria, as they were in ancient times (as we read in 2S 5" that Hiram, king of Tyre, sent masons [j2x 195] to David to build him a house), for they travel all over Syria, Palestine, and the Hauran, building houses for the people, and forts for the govern- ment. W. CARSLAW.
MASSAH 294 MASREKAH (προνρ, Macéxxa).— Mentioned is connexion with the list of ‘the kings that reigned in the land of Edom before there reigned any ‘Sse over the children of Israel,’ Gn 36%. When one of these kings, named Hadad, died, Samlah of Masrekah reigned in his stead (v.%=1 Ch 1%). The locality has not been identified. The Ono- masticon defines it thus: Μαρσικὰ πόλις βασιλείας Ἐδὼμ περὶ τὴν VeBadrnvjv. The name προσ may signify ‘place of Sorek (pi) vines’ (Del. on Gn 36), J. A. SELBIE.
MASSA (xp).—Name of a son of Ishmael (Gn 254 [A Μασσή]-Ξ] Ch 1° [Β Μανασσή, A Μασσή)]).--- The correct translation of Pr 31}, where Lemuel is described as ‘king of Massa,’is due to Hitzig (Zeller’s Theol. Jahrb. 1844, 269-305), and it is prob- able that the sense of the words following the name ‘Agur’ in Pr 30! is similar, though they cannot be rendered with certainty. Delitzsch (Paradies, 301) called attention to the occurrence of the name Ma-as-a-ai immediately before Taymzans and Sabzeans in a list of States which brought presents to Tiglath-pileser π. (WAT iii. 10. 1, 38), and justly identified these people with the Ishmaelite tribe. He also (ἐδ. 302) thought there might be a reference to them in a tablet published in WAJ iv. 56. 1, and further edited by G. Smith (History of Assurbanipal, 296-298), and most recently by S. A. Smith (Keilschrifttecte Asurbanipals, ii. 36-38). In that tablet a certain Nebo-sum-esir, who has been told to send the king anything that he may hear about the Arabs, states that ainarn. son of Ammé’ta of Mash (Mash-‘a-ai), made a raid on the people of Nebaioth, and killed all the troops except one man, who is despatched to the king to give him personal information. It is more probable that a tribe of moderate size is referred to than a vast region like MASH; and the difference in spelling between this tablet and the former may be due to the popula pronunciation which is represented in the letters (S. A. Smith, p. 38). The scene de- scribed in the tablet resembles that of Job 17 (as Delitzsch observes), and it is probable that we have in these chapters a specimen of the famous wisdom of the ‘children of the East.’ From none of these passages can any data be got for the localization of Massa, and the conjectures of Hitzig (repeated by him in his comm. on Pr 30) scarcely deserve mention. See, further, art. SIMEON (TRIBE). Such portions of chs. 30 and 31 as really come from Massa are probably trans- lated ; but the first verse of ch. 30, which is unin- telligible, may be partly in the original dialect. Of the proper names, Lemuel or Lemoel might be Hebrew or Arabic (compare Lishemesh, Lidzbarsky, Handbuch der nordsem. Epig. 304), Yakeh seems to be old Hebrew, while Agur is uncertain. On the other hand, the names given in Nebo-sum-esir’s letter are very clearly old Arabic, and he certainly implies that the ‘ Mash-a-ai’ are Arabs.