G. E. Post.
PURSE.— See BAG.
PURTENANCE (an abbrev. of 'appurtenance,' from Lat. apcrtinere, thiough Old Fr. apartenir, apurtcnaunse) means properly whatever pertains to, and in its single occurrence in AV (Ex 12*) is used for the intestines of the Passover lamb (RV 'inwiirds'). The tr. is from Tindale. Wyclif has ' entrayls.' Cf. Babees Book, p. 'J75, ' Kyude roste with ye heed and the portenaunce on lamb and pygges feet, with vinegre and percely theron.'
J. Hastings.
PURVEYOR, i.e. 'provider' (Fr. pourvoijeur, from Old Fr. proreoir or porreoir = ha,t. providert), occurs onl3' in To 1" of Tobit, who obtained grace and favour in the eyes of Enemessar and became his purveyor (ayopaaHi^). The ayopaaT-fi^ (lit. ' buyer') was the slave who had to buy provisions for the house (Xen. Mem. I. v. 2); cf. the Lat. obsonator (Plant. Mil. III. i. 73; Sen. Ep. 47).
J. A. Sei.bie.
PUT (AV Phut, except in 1 Ch !», Nah 3»).— Name of an African nation ; b?s, LXX <l>oi;5 in Gn, Ch (A in Ch <J>our, Genes. Cotton, ioiid), in the Prophets Ai/3ues (except Nah 3', where the render- ing tpvyri appears,* with a false division of the verse) ; the marginal additions of Q (Marchali- anus) twice explain the name fancifully as o-ri/io ; Vulg. Phuth, Phut (Ch), in the Prophets Libyes, Libya (Ezk 30' — so AV in Jer and Ezk).
In Gn W, 1 Ch 1», Put is the third son of Ham. In the Prophets, warriors from Put are principally associated with the armies of Egypt as auxiliaries. Jer 46" ' Cush and Put, that handle the shield, and the Ludim, that handle and bend the bow,' are among ' tlie mighty men ' of Efjypt. In Ezk 30* we have a similar enumeration of auxiliaries beginning with Cush and Put. In Nah 3' Thebes (No-amon)hasEthioplaandEgypta3 'her strength,' Put and Lubim as her ' helpers.' A distinction seems to be made here between the subjects of the Ethiopian - Egyptian empire and the inde- pendent tribes, living farther off, who appear to nave served the Pharaohs only as mercenaries. In Ezk 27'" Tyrus is said to have had Persia and Lud and Put in her army. An employment of E. African mercenaries in Tyrus is strange, although it does not present greater difficulties than tlie connexion with various other remote nations, like Persia (but see below). In Eck 38', however, the circumstance that in the army of the Northern prince Gog from Magog ' Persia, Cush, and Put ' appear among the various barbarians from Asia Minor, is very surprising. If we do not wish to accuse the prophet of senselessly accumulating here all obscure names of remote nations known
• Thie blunder seema to be one of the rare instances where the Egj-ptian tongue influenced the Alexandrian translators. D1S does not exist iQ Uebrew, nor does it mean ' to flee ' in the Semitic languages, but Coptic hae wmt * to run, to flee.' Some MSS read *iiCi also in Ezk 2710 ; see Field, Uexapla.
PUT
PUT
177
to him, it is most natural to assume a corruption of the text, due to a reader's having enlarged it from other passages (from 27'"?). A blunder of the scholarly Ezekiel, who displays such a wide knowledge of geography, espeeially in ch. 27, is not very probable. Otherwise, Put would be another country than the one usually designated (see below). The passage must certainlj' be used with caution. On the other hand, Is 6(i" seems to come in here : ' Pul and Lud, that draw the bow,' as the most remote nations. The reading ■t'oiJS for Pul in the LXX (x 'i'oOO) contirms the evident emendation to Put.
These biblical passages are insufficient to deter- mine the situation of the country. However, apart from the ditiicult and doubtful name Lud, we see the Libyans repeatedly distinguished from Put, e.i;. in Gn IC (see Lkhabim) and Nah S-> (see LuuiM), also in Ezk SO*, where we must read Lub instead of Cub, after the LXX. Therefore the guess of the LXX at the Libyans has little probability. We have rather to look to the east of Africa.
The best interpretation of the name, which is now being more and more generally accepted, is the idtntilication with the country Pintt (or rather Puent ?) of the Egyptian inscriptions.* The Per- sian list of tributary countries in Naksh-i-Kustara (Spiegel, Pers. Kcihnschr.^ 119) enumerates Kush- iya, Putiya, and Masiya (Babylonian translation Puta, Kiiiu, Maxsii), coiilirming the view that Put (with assimilation of the n) was the form of the name used b_y all Semites, and that it signified a part of N. Eastern Africa. The Egyptians pro- nounced t after n regularly with a sound which the Greeks translated by S (cf. <l>oi;S with the correct rendering, not of the Hebrew, but of the Egyptian pronunciation), the Semit-js by B. So Put stands for Pu(n)t, quite regularly.
The Egj'ptian inscriptions mention this country of P\int (later form Pune) very frequently after c. 3uOO B.C. According to the latest investigations, it comprised the whole African coast of the Ked Sea from the desert E. of Upper Egj'jit to the modern Somali country.t Parts of it, evidently only those in the north (lietween SouaWin and Massoua ?), were tributary to the great conquering Pharaohs of the I8th dynn-sty. Whether the masters of Egj'pt in projihetic time extended their power so far sontli is uncertain. But at all times there was intercourse and commerce between Egypt and the southern rich parts of Punt both by land, through the Nubian desert, and by water. We have various inscriptions referring to commercial naval expeditions sent by the Pharaohs, especially in the I2th, 18th, and 20th dynasties, of whieli that in the time of queen 'lfa't-sheps{o)ut has become most famous by the line pictures illus- trating it upon the walls of the temple of Dcir el-Bahri in Western Thebes. Already in the 5th djTiasty king Assa received a member of the African dwarf-tribes from Punt. The treasures of Punt were : slaves, cattle, gold (from a region called 'Amau), ivory, ebony, ostrich- feathers and -eggs, rare live animals (especially monkeys), grey- hounds for hunting, gum, and a number of fra- grant substances from various trees or shrubs. The