A. H. SAVCE.
SUDDENLY. — The adj. 'sudden' and the adv. • suddenly ' were often used formerly without the element of surpri.se which belongs to their root (Lat. stibitaneiis, from siihire, ' to come steathily '), and is always associated with their use in mod. English. Thus Shaks. u.ses ' sudden ' in the sense of soon (Meas. for Meas. II. ii. 83, ' To-morrow !
0, that's sudden') ; and of hasty (As You Like It, V. ii. 8, ' My sudden wooing, nor her sudden con- senting') and of impetuous (Ilich. II. II. i. 35, ' Small showers last long, but sudden storms are short'). So also he uses 'suddenly' in the sense of quirkly (Tarn. ,Shrew, ii. 327, 'Was ever match clapped up so suddenly ? ') or presently {1 Henry IV.
1. iii. 294, ' When time is ripe, which will be suddenly'). In AV '.suddenly' means speedily in I's t!'" ' Let them return and be ashamed suddenly ' (>!";, LXX Oii Tdx""') ; and in Jer 40" ,50". In 1 Ti 5" • Lay hands suddenly on no man,' the meaning is hastily (Gr. raxiui). 3. Hastings.
SUDIAS (BA ZovUat. Luc.'fiSouid).— ALevitical family that returned with Zerubbabel, 1 Es 5-"', called in Ezr 2-" IIodaviaii and in Neh T-*'' HoUEVAll.
SUICIDE.— See CltlMES and PUNISHMENTS, vol. i. p. 022".
SUKKIIM (="'tD; B tpuyoSiiTon, A TpwyXoSiTai, Luc. '^ovxidfi-)- — The name of a tribe mentioned t<jgether with Libyans and Cushites as led by Shishak against .ludiea (2 Ch 12^). The passage is not founil in the corresponding text of Kings. The LX.X rendering 'Troglodytes' was probably suggested by the fact of a place called Suche (I'liny, y/.V vi. 172) being mentioned among Troglodyte possessions ; the same is called by Sirabo (iii. 8) •the fortress of Suchus,' and Suchus, he tells us, is aname forasacred crocodile (iT;. xvii. 1). Several geographers identify this place with the modern Suakin, which, however, may well be an Arabic Word {saxodkin). The identification of the Sukkiim with the inhabitants of Suakin (though accepted by Forbiger and Dillmann) is therefore very un- certain ; nor is the view of tie.senins, that the word should be treated as a Hebrew adjective, 'dwellers in tents,' much more probable.
U. S. MAEGOLIOUTII.
SULPHUR.— See Brimstone.
*• 8UN.— 'I'he usual word in the OT for the first of the great lights of heaven is ~"^, I'h(en. Tzv, Aram. Krvf(i)ii (;n) and shimsha, Arab, shamsun, Assyr. Sam.^u (sanisti in the name Samsu-iluna, c. 2200 B.C., evidently a west Semitic form). There is consider- able uncertainty as to the etymology (for conjec- tures .see Levy, \]T,rterli. iilier die Turtji/. ii. 578 f.). Other words for .sini are ^;C, lit. 'heat,' or, adj. ['.'], 'hot'(.Fob302",('a(!"',l824''»30»),andD-:r'(.Ig8>-M4'», Job SI'), of doubtful derivation. Both tlie.se terms are iLsed poetieally, and the latter occurs in the place-name Ir-hiv-ileres, 'city of the sun' (Ilelio-
polls), RV 'city of destruction ' (see Ili-ilA-IIr.UEs). In Job yv-"" the word used is -\'.s, marg. 'light.'
The earliest mention of the sun in the Bible is in Gn fn-i'' [B], in which, however, none of the above words are used, the luminary being referred to as the greater of the two 'great lights' (mii^oroth), created to rule the day, the lesser liglit being to rule the night, and to divide the light from the darkness (v.'*). Both of them were placed in the firmament for signs and for seasons, and for days and years (v."). As the lesser light, the moon was the measurer of time, by her constant ami clearly - marked pha.scs; the sun was, by the constancy and regularity of his apparent motion, the real indicator. With those of the le.s.ser light, his eclipses were regarded as signs foretelling events. He indicated the beginuing and the end of each day ; seasons, both religious and agricultural ; regulated the festivals ; and determined the com- mencement and termination of every year, his movements f(U-ming, at the same time, the basis of all chronological data.
Naturally, the ideas of the ancient Hebrews con- cerning the movements of the sun, when tested by modern science, were erroneous. As we, in the language of everyday life, speak of the sun as 'rising' and '.setting,' so they spoke of him as 'going forth' (ydz(V, Gn 19'''^ etc. ; zdrah, Jg '.)^, 2 S 23'' etc.) and 'entering' (65', Gn 15'-'' etc.). From zdrah and bo' came the expressions, mi^rah (shemesh), 'the rising (of the sun),' also 'east'; and miiho' (shemesh), 'the setting (of the sun),' also 'west.' The equivalent Assyrian expres- sions are similar, being zU (for (Izlt, from azTt = ydzd') sam.si and erib saniHi, the 'coming forth' and the 'entering of the sun' (cf. for the latter, the Heb. ^y, 'to become evening'). I'oetically, this idea of going forth and entering was extended, and the sun, as well as the moon, was regarded as possessing a habitation (Hab 3") and a tent or taber- nacle (I's lO*''), set for him by (iod, from which he came forth as a bridegroom from his chamber, rejoicing as a strong man to run his course. Tliis idea seems to be illustrated by the designs on certain of the cylinder-seals of Itabylonia, on wliich a deity, evidently the sun - god, is represented coming forth through the open doors, whicli tlie attendants hold back for him, at the same time turning their faces away, in order not to he blinded by his brightncs.s. In connexion with this, it is also worthy of note that the Babylonians speak of the bolts of the high heavens greeting the sun at his setting, and his beloved wife going to meet him. There is hardly any doubt that these poetical similes are based upon the nnfiiiling regularity of the sun's daily cour.se, which, in more southern latitudes, varies less than with us, marking the two cardinal points, and also the divi- sion of day and night, with less variation. Such ex])ressions a-s 'the time when the sun is hot' (1 S 1 1", Neh 7') were therefore more precise than they would be in our latitudes. Having risen, and run his fixed path in his might (JgA^i) until the time of his greatest heat, the sun went down at the hour which, like a living thing, he was supposed to know (I's 104"').