(8) Marcheshvan P.y'CI'?. ^«>Ii October-November. Not named in Scripture. Mishna, Ta'anith i. 3, etc.; Jos.
Ma/>«w«»t:« ; Bab. arachsamna ('eighth month ')='rPif' HI*. Original fonn probably icpmi, whence pcnio {^ and D being often interchanged in later Babylonian). Modem Hebrew re- garded Heshvan as the name of "the month {mar being taken to mean 'drop,' 'rainy season')- Dillmann and Staile see in the Bab. name of this month a relic of the oldest method of count- ing the months by numbers and not by names. See Siegfried- Stade, Diet. g.v. RT.
(9) Kislev i!:??, 'AireXXatos, November-December.
Zee 71, Neh 1* ; Mishna, Rosh Hashana i. S, etc.; Gr. XawiAiw (1 ilac P* etc ; Jos. Aiit. xii. v. 4, -/.tte-Xtu) \ in Palmyrene In- scriptions ^iSd3 ; Bab. ktsUmu. Derivation uncertain.
(10) Tebeth n^n, Av5waios, December-January. Est 218; Mishna, Ta'anith iv. 5, etc.; Jos. T:2tSo( {Aiit. xi.
V. 4, but see Niese); Bab. (ebetum. Tebu (Heb. V3t3)=*to sink,' 'dtp.' The rainy season begins in 10th month.
{11} Shebat 05y*» Hep^Tios, January-February.
Zee 17 ; Mishna, liosh Ua»haiui i. 1 ; Or. ^^«t (1 Mac 10^) ; Bab. slia-la-tu,
(12) Adar iitt, AiWpoy, February- March.
Kreq. in Esth., Ezr (ii^*; Mishna, 5/i^i:fi/''m i.I, etc.;*A3«^, 1 Mao 7*'; Jos. Ant. iv. viii. 40, etc.; Hah. addaru. Delitzsch derives from a root 'to be dark' in contrast to am. It was, says Muss-Arnolt, the name of this month that induce<l loriner jiVfstigators to derive the Heb. names from Persian, for Adar is also a Persian month name. (See Benfey, Monatitnavxen einiiirr alter Vulker). Tli? intercalated month was a second Adar (Heb. •Jg' i^t*, SlegUla i, 4, or i^t*!).
iv. Weeks and Days.— The week of seven davs (yiD^) is an obvious derivative of the lunar inontli, for the week torresponds rouglily to the i)hase8 of the moon. The discrejwincy wouhl not aliect the Hebrew week, for there is no indication that tlio new moon in historical times coincided with the bejonnin^ of the week. The Assyrians and Ilaby- lonians knew the seven-day weiK, and tlie week began with tlie moon, whereas the Hebrew week ran regularly through the wlu)Ie year, especially when tiio weekly Sabbath replace*! the new moou in importance as a sacred day. Nowack (ii. 215) unnecessarily assumes that tlie Israelites probably Iwrrowed the week from the liabylonians. He, with others (see Holzinger on K\ 12^), detects
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TIMNAH
traces of an older Hebrew week of ten days (Gn 24", Ex VI->), but this is very doubtful. It would perhaps fit iu with the idea of a year of 3G0 days (traces of a thirty-day month being detected by Nowack in Nu 20=», Dt 34", ef. 21", as well as in the Flood narrative). Driver holds that ' it is ditli- cult not to agree with Schrader, Sayce, and other Assyi iologists in regarding the week of seven days, ended by a Sabbatn, as an institution of Baby- lonian origin ' {op. cit. p. 18). The week thus is presupposed by the Creation narrative, and is not derived from it. ' In other words, the week de- termined the "days" of Creation, not the daj's of Creation the week' (ib.). This may well be, and yet the Hebrew week not necessarily a derivative rrora Baiiyion. (Jastrow iias shown that the Hebrew Creation narrative is more independent of Babylonian parallels than has usually been sup- posed. JQR xiii. p. 620 ir.). See, further, on this subject, Jensen in Ztschr. f. deutsche Wort- forschung, Sept. 1900, p. 153 tt'. ; and art. Sabbath above, p. 319.
In the NT (as in neo-Hebrew) the week is termed vdjifSaTon, and the days of the week were numbered, not named. The eve of the Sabbath (Friday) was called TTopaff/cew) (Mt 2V-, Lk 23", Jn ItH"-"; wpd- aa^^aTov Alk 15", Jtli 8'). Mondays and Thursdays acquired special importance in the later Jewish life, for the public reading of the Law and the holding of law-courts occurred on those days (see Schiirer, ii. 1-83, 190). Schwarz (Judischc Kalender, p. 7) sug- gests that the num ering of the Christian Ferice was derived from the Heb. usage njB'3 'V'^-f'. 'JS' \\atc). See, however, fdeler, Handbuch, ii. 180.
The Babylonians divided the day (o'l') into equal parts by sun-watches, and were also acquainted with the 60 system (minutes and seconds). The Syrian peoples may have acquired similar know- ledge from the Babylonians, but there is no trace of this among the Israelites in the pre-exilic period. There was an important difference be- tween the Israelites and Babylonians, for, while the former began the day at sunset, the latter began the day with the morning. There are, according to most modern commentators, indi- cations of the Babylonian reckoning in the lirst chapter of Genesis and, according to Dillmann, in Ex 12«- '8, Lv 23^-. The chaotic darkness (Gn 1") lies behind tlie reckoning ; with the creation of light began the first morning, and the tirst day extended till the next morning (so Dillmann). The reckoning from evening to evening became the exclusive Jewish method ' with the triumph of the Law.' The system is also met with among the Arabs, Athenians, and (jauls (cf. Pliny, HiV ii. 79). The evening-morning day was the ipi a^;; of Dn 8" (though Driver and others explain the phrase in Daniel to moan half-daj-s). Cf. the v\rx$iiiiepov of 2 Co 11^. There was no e.\act division of the day into parts before the Exile, the natural order being followed : a-ij; ' evening,' i,?!: ' morn- ing,' and cnn^f 'mid-day.' The day declined (Jg 19*), perhaps with reference to shadows on a sun- dial (so Aloore, but cf. Jer 6'' ; see Dial), the evening turned in 2t;; n^:? (Gn 24'^) ; there were also terms for the evenin" twilight when the cool sea-breeze blew ("j^f'j Job 24", cf. Dvn rn^ Gn 3*); the dawn ascended (ins-ii n^'V Gn 19"> 32=^); compare such expressions as 'when the day was hot'(cv,T en Gn IS', cf. 1 S 11"). In neo-Hebrew there were other phrases of a similar nature (Mislina, Berakhuth i.). We meet in the Bible with parts of the day described as the time when certain occupations were usual ; as the time when girls were accustomed to fetch the water re- quired for domestic use (Gn 24") ; 'while the day was still gieat' (Gn 29') is another similar phrase, I bat it indicates an earlier point in the afternoon ;