Of Tiinoth>'*8 subsequent history little can be said with cer- tainty. He ma?/ be [but this is very unlikely] the 'angel' of the Church of Ephesus addressed in Rev 2i-7 ; he may be one of the sources from which St. Luke gained information for the composition of the Acta, though there is no ground for regard- ing him as the author of the book or of the ' We ' sections (see Zahn, Einleituiig, ii. p. 424). Church tradition regarded him as having continued bishop of Ephesus until his death (Contt. Apostol. vii. 40 ; Euseb. iii. 46), as having been martyred in a popular tumult when he tried to dissuade the people from taking part in the violent and coarse orgies of the jucrayiiyiet (a festival of which there is no mention elsewhere), and his bones are said to have been transferred to Constantinople by Con- st.antiu9 (Polycrates and .Simeon Metaphrastes quoted in the .4 rta Sanctorum, iii. pp. 176-183, Meiueon, ad Jan. 22 ; Lipsiiis, Die Apocrt/pken Aposteigeich, ii. 2, 372-400).
Though Titus is a stronger man and more able to deal with crises, yet Paul's love and alt'ection goes out more lavishly to the younger Timothy, niiose character is clearly marked. He is ati'ec- tionate to tears (2 Ti 1^), delicate and often ill (1 Ti 5^), timid (1 Co 16'"), shrinking from a proper assertion of his own authority (1 Ti 4'''), needing to be warned against youthful lusts (2 Ti 2--), to be encouraged to face shame for Christ's sake (2 Ti 1*). Vet he has been Paul's loyal follower and imitator from the first (2 Ti 3'") ; he is his ' genuine' son (1 Ti 1-), his loved son (2 Ti P), his son loved and faithful in the Lord (1 Co 4") ; of one mind with himself (Ph 2*), ' working the Lord's work as I do' (1 Co 16""); 'my fellow-worker' (Ro 16=') ; 'our brother and God's minister' (1 Th 3-) ; ' the slave of Jesus Christ' (Ph 1'), who ' seeks the things of Jesus Christ ' {ib. 2»).
Timothv's death is commemorated in theOreek and Armenian Churches on Jan. 22, in the Coptic Church on Jan. 23, in the Latin and Maronite Churches on Jan. 24, though the earlier Latin calendars place it on Sept. 27, perhaps as following the day of the conmiemoration of St. John, who w-is thought of a« his predecessor in the see of Ephesus (Lipsius, I.e. p. 392 ; Nilles, KcUendarium Manuale utriuxque EccUsi(B, Innsbruck
i89t ). W. Lock.
TIMOTHY, FIRST EPISTLE TO.—
i. Historical Situation. U. Analysis.
tii. Literary Dependence. iv. Situation implied at Ephesus: (a) FalM
teaching ; ib) Church organization, T. Authorslxip. vi. Integrity. tU. Value.
LiteraturCb
i. Historical Situation. — St. Paul had re- cently been with Timothy : either they had been together in Ephesus, or Timothy had come from
TIMOTHY, FIRST EPISTLE TO
TIMOTHY, FIRST EPISTLE TO 769
Ephesus to meet Paul at some point on his journey to Macedonia {cf. the situation of Ac 20" "with 1^). St. Paul was bound to go forward, but hoped to re- turn shortly : yet he was so much impressed with the dant^erous tendencies of some false teachers at Ephesus. who were tempting the brethren there from walking in 'sober gospel ways,' that he j»ressed Timothy to stay on in order to counteract them.
Some time elapsed, Paul may have heard that all was not prospering at Ephesus, possibly through a letter from Timothy himself, or his natural anxiety (cf. 1 Thess.) may have prompted him to MTite. Timothy was, indeed, a ' genuine son ' ; he had witnessed a good confession in the past, pro- phecies had pointed him out for the Uisk, he had received a special gift for his ministry by the laying on of hands (P*^** 4'* 6'"); yet he was naturally timid, he was young (4^-), he had fiequent attacks of illness [o^), he might be misled (5' 6") ; St. Paul's own return might be delayed (3'*) : so he writes this letter to press his original charge more solemnly on Timothy, to encourage him in his work, to guide him in his teaching and dealing with various classes in the Church, and to regu- late certain points of Church order, which needed or<ranization witliout delay.
The central purpose is summed up in 3*' Ua eldys rws Set iv olk<^ OeoO dvaarp^tpiaOai.
The subjects are miscellaneous, and no very exact analysis can be expected ; but three points stand out clearly in the structure. (1) Tliere is a rough correspondence between the introductory and the concluding sections ; cf. P'*^ with G^'^**, l^**-2o ^vith (jn-is. 20. 21^ These form a framework for the central
f)art. (2) The central part falls into clearly-marked lalves, and the kernel of the whole Epistle, which divides thi^se halves, is 3'^. The m3'stery of the Incarnate, Risen, and Ascended Lord is the fact on which Christian life and teachin*; is to be based, b\' which the Christian minister is to be inspired. (3) 6'^'^^ is a postscript, which would more naturally have been placed before or after 6^* ^, but which was added as an after-thought, perhaps drst suggested as needing treatment by 6^***. ii. Analysis.—
11 a. Greeting. IntTOdwtory, iSao.
(a) Kcminder of the purpose for which llniotby was left at Kphcsus 0-), descripiion of the false teaching as specu- lative rather than mlniBtering to the spiritual life(-i-i'), u ignorantly taught by teachers who lay stress on law (••7) without knowing the true purpose of Law and its relation to the gospel (**•**).