1 784 TITUS, EPISTLE TO
TITUS, EPISTLE TO
detaUs aliout worship in 1 Tim. apparently favour the priovHv of Titus; but all the d.lferences .nay be d'rto -the dilleront circumstances othe^t^ delegates and the two Churches. Tl e.e js notlnn
in the letters to make it ""P-^o^^i-'ti, L the were written on the same day and sent by the
"The™Sor;-of the relation ot Ephesians to
teachers are partly J'^"'«^ P^^'yTV. " are 'influ Jews hein-the more prominent. They a« mnu =nt;^l iinsettin" whole tamihes (1'), opposing «mVnd'tc hin" (1''), tendiuK to reject the authority orTitus(1^2':i3'»^^^
«PPkin" ( '»-i^l inconsistent in their lives with the r profe".ed knowledge of God (l- but these words proie.seu R. c j^ teachers). Ihe
iihsUnce of the^^SciLg consists of foolish and -!:E investigation^, .enea lo^ie^. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ rnrctira'; S^ m^n t;, 'apparenUy fayin.
i^r °i° tntir™^t . ]^tf^
Fnstle no trace of anything akin to 2nd cent
L not confined to one place, but extends over IS not connneu w r extends to ordaining
Llarnt^r' temporary is not clear -the nio^^^^^^^
?^^s^i!:^:^rf^:r^™p^S^^"|>t
NoUiing is said about any ordination for the '' Fo; permanent organization, he « to appoint
f^nJoxl'VVXi?m*orll?^alI°lti^fo^^^^^^^^
tntpd- and t may be inferred that their
Sutiettere' to teach (A perhaps to contro^ the
V^vrti:ft^u:t'r^^^^^^;=^cKd
w, ■d>':";:- St ti: ie^l' famll'y of ijod-o^M^xepo. n» There is no reference to common wor.sh.,.
^mnrrsaivaUr<3',r;ediapsi;»(o^^^
^ti^°.Snr^Tr=ari:id^^
V. AuTllORfelllP. 1 » evidence of its rejec-
m. 3. 4) Uem. A ex V r ^^^ Mmatonan
^Z:::'U wkrf:cei'tedby Tatlan in spit, of his re-
and waa
iectinn of 1 and 2 Tim., but rejected by Marcion H'l'.ilides (Tert. adv. Mairwnem, v. 21). it ..-.- i^^odted in the Syriac and Old La U° VX^-
Auulvc ii p. 126, where the command of 3 is
kaqnes. e. 8 = 3^ and Clem. Kom(i. 2-3 ).
Tt claims to be by St. Paul in 1 ; ana im-
r ni ;n\i= » nassages which are indeed separ-
SlTe' ?om the ^es't! But in the body of the letter
th re is nothing in tone, teaching or --umsUnce
^^^t^tnS^iT trriaSe ^'oft^ elsewhereTc" T^ITUS) : the character of the writer hi, his^stence on his own teaching and wishes (cf. 1 Con the sharpness of tone against fa se teachers (Pf Gal " Cor ), the quick passage from luoral nference to doctrinal premiss, the quotation from Greek poetry, the adaptation of of language the
than ' heretical' ; and it is f^ft/ofphase which
'" Jts K^e^lcTs" / "7'-"^^^^^^^ "^'i"- ^- suggests lateness, «••<'"'. ™. )„ but Kaipif
l:rrln'^2C';nlytoChSt;.T:^.
fl Thn.'only), ^ 5.5...aX(a i, p'-^o..ail and 2 Tn . )
'Sve'are^'the presence of a large vocabulatT freS Sxed, and shared to a ^-t j;=^te"t ^^''^f writer of 1 and 2 Tmiothj ll>e aUe ^_^^^^^^^ authorship a.re either that 't >« > y^ intimate writing late -^Uhr^ can Ve little doubt that if ?r'ErUelt^d*Se."this would be the natural exphmation; or by ^r"^"^'" :'':'^^^^
i^:-^srM35^||=k"i'^
1 Tim. would «<=eny^l"<ost certain as the rt^rf%''T!mtr in^xlrnCand intendei as a
^^vi^'f^TEGRT'^ -The MSS suggest no insert ion or disloSn i^ihe text ; nor does the sequ euc o.
TITUS JUSTUS
TOBIT, BOOK OF
785
thought require such a theory. !'■• is indeed easilj- Ei'parable from the rest, but no conclusive reason requires its separation ; and 3" comes in awkwardly after 3", but there is a possible connexion of thought between them, and such postseripta are found elsewhere, Ro 16"-*, 1 Ti i5"-">.
The question of the integrity has arisen only on the theory of a non-Pauline authorship : for critics are aljuust entirely agreed in regarding 3'-- " or 3ia-i» JJ3 Pauline, and tlie question arises whether there are other Pauline fragments, and whether they are separable.
The chief attempts to distinguish are these—
11-6. Pauline (-McGiffert, Harnack, Clemen) ; but expanded
from some simpler form by a late hand (von Soden). 17 ». Non-Pauline (i6.), added to strengthen the episcopate in the 2nd cent. (Hamack) ; but the distinction between tlie ir.rju^tt and rrpiff^iiriui would have been clearer. 17-11. Non-Pauline (Hesse, Clemen).
lia.13. 16. Pauline. 114-15 non-Pauline (t6.)(as not suiting the other descriptions of the false teachers ; but there is no real inconsistency). 2, Non-P.iuline (IleK.-ie).
81-7. Pauline (McGiffert). Non-Pauline (Clemen): partly be- cause S*-" is a repetition of 2n H, but there is a difference in the motive appealed to, which suits the exhortation of $1.2. (•-11. Non-Pauline. S'^1* Pauline (Hamack, McOiffert, Clemen). Hie Pauline fragment so obtained is supposed to be a letter from Paul written to Titus at Corinth after 2 Cor. ; this was de- veloped into a letter to Crete at tlie end of the 1st cent, because of the outbreak of Judaism there (Clemen). There is, however, no substantial ground for distin'.ruishing between Paulino and non-Pauline, except in li-* and 3l'i 1^ : the grounds for separa- tion elsewliere arc hj-percritic.tl and the divisions arbitrary.
For fuller details cf. McGiffert, Apostolic Afje, p. 400; Har- nack, Chronolofti^, i. p- 4S0 ; Clemen, Die EinhfitUchkeit der Paul. Britfe, p*p. 157-163 ; Moffatt, Ilutorical ST p. 70a
vii. Value. — As with 1 Tim. (wliich see), the value is a good deal independent of its authorship, and due to the fact of its canoniz.it ion. On the point of the organization of the Church it adds notliing to that in detail or principle; but it has a historical value as showing the method of organ- izing coinmnnities in a very early stage of develop- ment, as showing the persistence of Judaism as a danger to the early Church ; and the atmosphere of a suspicious and critical heathenism in which it lived. In such an atmosphere, and dealing with communities of rough islanders on a low social level and disposed to anarchy, the WTiter, while laying stress on faith and the salvation wrought by the appearance of Christ, organizes a ministry, insists on moral qualilications for it, and tries to develop an orderlj', disciplined, useful, fruitful life in all ages and classes, and inspires even slaves witli the hope that they maj' adorn the true teaching : it is an attempt to convert heatlienisin by the attractive beauty of an ordered family life and a loyal citizenship. Doctrinally, the hpistle oilers no new point of interest unless it be the identifica- tion of Christ with ' the Great God,' 2" (but see Ezr.a Abbot, Critical Essays, xviii.), or the refer- ence to baptism as Xovrpiv iraXii^eMfflas, 3*.