'lovSaiiov). Mt=' This is Jesus the king of the Jews' (oDt6s
i(7Tiv 'lijaoi'S 6 ^affi\eus rCitf *lov5a.iii3v). Lk='Thi8 is the king of the Jews' (6 j3airiXei)s
TU3V 'loi'Saiwi' otn-os). Jn=' Jesus of Nazareth the king of the Jews'
'YovSaifjjv). It is not ea.sy to determine which of these was the original form of word.s. The instance from the Letter of the Churclies of Vienne and Lyons, where the martyr's name is given (out6s ^a-Tii' "AttoXos 6 XpiffTioi'is, Tusebius, HE v. 1), would suggest (1) that Mt and Lk are right in giving the word ' this' (oCros), and (2) that Mt aad Jn are right in giviu" the name — 'Jesus.' Since Mt is the only Gospel that has both the forms found In the passage cited from Eusebius, ths preference seems to lie with the I)hrase as given in that Gospel. But then we cannot be sure that the same form of words was used in all cases, or that the Letter of the Churches of Vienne and Lyons gives it with verbal accuracy. Moreover, it may have been variously phrased in the three languages. The following arrangement has been suggested : —
OYTOC ecTiN iHroyc o BACiAeyc toin loyia^iWN. KEX JUDAEORUM.
(See Geikie, Life and Words of Christ, ch. Ixiii. note e).
The variations are quite immaterial. In all four accounts the essential words are the same. The title describes Jesus as ' King of the Jews.' It makes no mention of sedition or usurpation ; the phrase is absolute. Phiinly, it was a sarcastic expression ; but it was perceived at once that the point of the sarcasm was against the Jews rather than against their Victim. This is shown by St. .John, who njirrates how the chief jiriests requested Pilate to ch:inge the title to ' He said, I am king of the Jews,' and how Pilate h:uiglitily refused to alter what he had written (Jn ISI-'- -).
W. F. Adkn'kv.
TITTLE.— The Eng. word 'tittle' is simply a various spelling of 'title.' One of the u.ses of 'title' (after Lat. titulus in late use, and Fr. title) was to denote the stroke above an abridged word. It was thence u.sed for any trilling stroke or niiirk which distinguished one letter from another, and was chosen by Wyclif and Tindale to translate the Gr. xtpata. {\\'\l Ktpia., seo vol. ii. App. p. 151) in its only occurrences Alt 5", Lk 10'. All tho Eng. VSS up to and including AV (1611), except the Rhemisn, spell the word with one t. So Tindale in his address to the Reader, Pentateuch (Mombert's Reprint, p. 3), ' For Wxcy which in tymes paste were wont to loke on no more scrip-
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TITUS
TITUS
ture then they founde in their duns or Boch like develysh doctryne, liave yet now so narowlye loked on my translation, that there is not so moch as one I therin if it lacke a tj'lle over his lied, but they have noted it, and nomhre it unto the ignorant people for an heresye.' But, in quoting Mt o" three pages later, he spells the word ' tittle. The Gr. icep^a (lit. ' little horn ') was used by grammarians to denote the Gr. accents and any small stroke distinguishing one Heb. letter from another, as 2 from 3. On tlie importance attached to these marks by the Rabbins see Lightfoot on Mt 5'« (vol. xi. p. "99 ff.). J. Hastings.
TITUS (TItos).— A companion of St. Paul, who is always mentioned by him with great affection and confidence, yet whose name appears but on rare occasions in the Epistles and never in the Acts. On account of tfiis silence of the Acts it has been conjectured that Titus is the second name of some one of St. Paul's companions who are mentioned there, and attempts huve been made to identify him with Timothy, with Silas, and with Titus (or Titius) Justus (Ac 18') ; but none of these conjectures has met with acceptance (cf. Zahn, Ein- leitung, i. pp. 149, 190; KoltzmSiUB, Pasioralbricfe, p. 81). The name is Latin, but, as ■with Paul, this proves little : his birthplace is unknown ; later legends place it in Crete; St. Chrysostom in Corinth; and the Acts of Thecla (c. 2) speak of him as living with Onesiphorus at leonium at the time of St. Paul's first visit there. All that can be said for certain is that he was a Gentile (Gal 2'), probably converted by St. Paul himself (yvqalui TiKvi^i, Tit I''), and living at Antioch fourteen years after St. Paul's conversion, when the dispute arose about the circumcision of the Gentiles. At this time Paul took him with him to Jerusalem : there an attempt was made to compel him to be circum- cised ; St. Paul resisted the compulsion, and prob- ably Titus was never circumcised, though the ambiguity of St. Pauls words leaves it just possible that he was circumcised as a voluntary concession on St. Paul's part (cf. Lightfoot on Gal 2'"* ; Hort, Judaislic Christianity, pp. 76-83).
Titus remained St. Paul's companion, being per- haps with him when he wrote Galatians [may 6 aim iliol (2^) mean ' who is with me still ' ? cf. oi cruv ifwt of 1*], but not mentioned again until the time of the incidents which caused the writing of 1 and 2 Corinthians. At this time he paid two, if not three, visits to Corinth. — (a) In the year before the writing of 2 Cor. (oxA iripvin, 8'") he went at Paul's request (2 Co 12") with one other brother to Corinth, perliaps carrying 1 Cor. with him, perhaps also authorized to explain the method of the collection for the saints alluded to in 1 Co 16'- ' : at any rate he did organize it, and that on a religious basis (jrpoenjpJaTo, 2 Co 8"), and returned to St. Paul with news of the zeal sliown in the matter at Corinth. — (6) Probably after he had left Corinth there arose some serious opposi- tion to St. Paul there ; perliaps Timothy was in- sulted and set at nought [cf. 2 Corinthians and Paul], and Titus, who was already known there, was despatched from Ei)hesus to deal with the crisis, carrying the letter referred to in 2 Co 2 and 7. St. Paul had often boasted to Titus of the loyalty of his Corinthian converts (2 Co 7") ; but he was afraid now lest his boast would be proved empty : he waited, restless and anxious for tlie return of Titus; he expected to meet him at Troas, but Titus did not ai)pear ; apparently, the crisis renuired a longer time than Paul had ex- pected : he moved on to Macedonia ; and there Titus arrived, and with good news. The majority of the Corinthian Church had formally punished the otl'ender : they had received Titua with fear