LiTKKATCRB. — The same introductions and commentaries as are referred to under 1 Timotiiv are useful for this Epistle, with the exception of H. P. Lid'lon ; to the Patristic com- mentaries should be added a short coiiinientary by Jerome, and a long extract on 3"^- n from Origen's lost coinmentiiry pre- served in a Latin translation by Pamphilus. W. LoCK.
TITUS JUSTUS.— See Justus, No. 2. TITUS MANIUS.— See Manius.
TIZITEi'V'p.n; Bi'Uaffcl, AiQoxrael, huc-'ABual). — A designation, whose origin is unknown, applied to JoilA, one of David's heroes, 1 Cli 11".
TOAH.— See Nahath.
TOB, The Land of (a'rn py 'land of good'; y^ Tili,i ; terra Toh). — The place to which .Jeplithah fled for refuge from his brethren, and in which be VOL. IV. — no
was living when the elders of Oilcad went to fetch him on the occa.sion of the Ammonite invasion of Gilead (.!•' IP- 'i. At a later date, 12,OUO ' men of Tob' (.\\ Ish-tob) formed part of the force raised by the Ammonites in their war with David (2 S l(j«. 9 3 EiffTu^). They are here associated with the Sj'rians of Beth - rehob and Zobah, and the king of Maacali — all small Aianiican states. The 'land of Tubias'(AV 'places of Tobie'), in which all the Jews were put to death by the Gentiles (1 Mac o''), was apparently the same place. In 2 Mac 12" Charax, a place TiiO stadia from the strong town of Gephyrum, or Caspin, is .siiid to have been occupied by Jews called Tubieni, i.e. ' men of Tob.' Po.ssibly 9aC/3o, which, acconling to Ptolemy (v. 19), was S.W. of Zobah, is identical with Tob. The Jerusalem Talmud explains ' land of Tob ' by Siisitha — the 'province of Hijipene' (Neubauer, Gfog. du Talm. 239). In this case Tob would be Hippos, or Susitha, now Susiyeh, on the E. side of tlie Sea of Galilee, and not far from Gaiiiala, Kal'at el-Hiisn. Conder (Hbk. to Bible, 295) and G. A. Smith (HGHL 587) identify Tob with et- Taiyibch, about 10 miles south of Gadara (Umm Keis). De Saulcy identities it with Thnbitn, about 9 miles east of the bridge over the Jordan called Jisr Ben&t YakHb. C. W. Wilson.
TOB-ADONUAH (.tiiik aits 'good is the Lord Jah ' [Gray, UPN 140, n. 3] ; B Tw^a5a;;3etd, A and Luc. Tw^aoojud). — One of the Levites sent by king Jehoshapliat to teach in the cities of Judah, 2 Ch 17".
TOBIAH (.i.-jin and m.-jin 'Jah is [my?] good').— 1. 'I'lie eponym of a family which returned from exile, but could not trace their genealogy, Ezr 2** (B Tw/Sfid, A Tw/Jias, Luc. Tot;j3ias) = Neh 7"^ (BA Tu^id, Luc. Toi'/iias). 2. The Ammonite who, in conjunction with Sanballat and others, per- sistentlj- opposed the work of Nehemiah, Neh 2^"- " 4^-'' 6" 13^- » (Tai/3id, Tu/SIas). Eor details see art. Nehemiah.
TOBIAS (Tu)3(e)toj, TwjSefs).- 1. The son of Tobit, To 1" and often ; see art. Tobit (Book of). 2. The father of HvitCANUS, 2 Mac 3".
TOBIEL (TujSiTJX, i.e. Sn-jid ' El is [my?] good ' ; cf. the name Tabeel). — The father of Tobit, To 1'.
TOBIJAH (.Tjio).— 1. One of the Levites sent by Jeho.shaphat to teach in the cities of Judah, 2 Ch 17' (LXX oni. ). 2. One of a deputation that came from Babylon to Jei-usalem with contributions of gold and silver, from which a crown wa.s ordered to be made either for Zerubb.abel and Joshua (Ew. llitz. ) or for Zerub. and not Josliua (Wcllh. Now., cf. G. A. Smith, ii. 3uSf. ), and laid uj) in the temple as a memorial of the donors. Zee G'"- '■* (LXX in both passages tr. .t^id by xp'J<'''M<". i.e. C'?'°).
TOBIT, BOOK OF (A /3/(3Xos \bywv TuifUr, B Tu^SeiT, N lu^ilO ; Lat. liber Tobiw, liber Tubit et Tubia, liber utriusque 'I'obice ; = llah. .i.^to = ' J eliovah is my good,' and ■j'lo, dropping the theophoric affix n;). — One of the deutero-canonical books of the OT, containing, according to Jewish conception.s, an idyllic picture of pious home life in the Captivity.
"i. Texts and Veksions. — Tlie popularity of the story of Tobit is attested by the number of varia- tions in wliii:h it exists in several languages. We shall, in the course of this article, endeavour to prove that the book was originally composed in Aramaic; though all trace of the orij^inal is lost, and the Aramaic MS, now extant, is somewhat late, and was not taken directly from it.
(1) Greek Version. — Of this we have three texts : (a) that of AB. The diil'ercncca between these two
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TOBIT, BOOK OF
TOBIT, BOOK OF
MSS are few iind unimportant, (i) That of K, which while giving little additional matter, adopts a more verbose style than AB. Whether AB or jc nresents the earlier text is much disputed. Fritzsche, Noldeke, Grimm support AB ; Ewald, Keusch, Scluirer, Nestle, Harris, N. (c) A recension of 6»- IS'', found only in three cursives: the Zittau Cod. 44 and tlie Ferrara Codd. 106, 107, and given at length by Fritzsche (Handhuch z. d. Apokr. ). These ]>re- sent a composite Greek text. From 6" to 7" it presents many features of originality, but contains many of s's additions to tlie text of B, e.g. 6'^'- ■jii-13 ifxom 8' to 12« it agrees closely with the Syriac, which, as we shall see, during this section transfers its allegiance from B to K. From 12' to 13" it presents some readings of B, as 12'* 13'-^, but agrees in the main with Syr., even when Syr. differs from both B and S, as in 12'=-'». Before 6» and after 13* our cursives present the text of B.