LiTERATCRE.— On Troas see the travels of Chandler, Fellows, etc also an article in MUlheilunjen d. d. Jmtitutt zu Athen, ix. SO ; Choiseul Gouffier, Voj/ivje Pittorestpie, ii. 434 ; Ic Bas- Waddington, iii. 1035-1037, 1730-1740; Wroth in Calalorjut British Museum., Coint o/ Troad, Aeolit, etc ; CIG 3677-3594 ; CIL iii. 384-392. W. M. RAMSAY.
TROGYLLIUM (Tporyu'XXio;').— According to the AV of Ac 20'^ which follows cod. D, the ship in which St. Paul sailed, when on his way to Cajsarea and Jerusalem at the close of his third missionary journey, ' tarried at Trogyllium ' after touching at Samos, and before sailing on the following day to Miletus. The principal MSS (N, A, B, C) omit the words 'tamed at Trog^yllium.' The addition in D was possibly founded on a tradition tha,t survived in the churches of Asia, and gives a detail which in itself is highly probable (cf. Ramsay, St. Paul the Trav. p. 294).
The promontory of Trogyllium projects from the mainland of Asia Minor, and overlaps the eastern extremity of Samos so as to form a strait less than a mile wide between the two promontories. Through this strait St. Paul sailed, and it is natural to suppose that the ship may have anchored for the night under the lee ot Trogvllium, either because the wind had dropped, or because there was no moon. A little to the E. of the end of the promontory, not more than a mile from Samos, there is an anchorage still called ' St. Paul's Port' (Conybeare and Howson, Life and Epp. of St. Paul, XX. n.). Ramsay has pointed out (Ch. in Rom. Empire, 155 n.) that the voyage of St. Willibald is an apt illustration of that of St. Paul, and that his ' Strobolis on a high mountain ' is Trogyllium.
C. W. Wilson. TROPHIMUS (Tp40i/ios).— One of St. Paul's com- panions (Ac 20^), called with Tychicus 'k<navol. These two disciples, with others, travelled with the apostle from Macedonia to Asia, and preceded St. Paul to Troas in his third missionary journey. From thence Trophimus must have accompanied St. Paul to Jerusalem. He was an Epliesian (Ac 21^), and the riot raised against St. Paul in Jerusalem was made chiefly on tlie ground that he had introduced Trophimus, a Gentile, into the temple. The only other pa.ssaM in the NT where his name occurs is 2 Ti 4»', w-liere St. Paul says, ' Trophimus I left at Miletus sick.' It is to be notetl that St. Paul had also sent Tychicus to Ephesus (2 Ti 4'-'). This mvist have happened after St. Paul's first imprisonment. Trophimus has been identified with one of the companions of Titus who with Titus carried the 2nd Eiiistle to the Corin thians from Ephesus to Corinth (2 Co S"-*"). The Greek Menoloqy celebrates Trophimus on April 14 with Aristarclms and Pudens, and asserts that they were of the Seventy, and suflered martyrdom at Ilome under Nero.
(Kor the identification of Trophimus with th« dbciple in 2 Co 8'* see Stanley on S Cor. 2nd ed, p 4y.)) H. A. Redpath.
TROW
TKUMPET
815
TROW. — The En^. verb to ' trow ' is the same in origin as 'true' and 'trust.' Its earliest meaning is to believe or trust, as Archbp. Hamilton's Cate- chism, XXV, ' He that trowis and fermtly beleillis in the sone of God, liais evirlastand lyfe, in tliis warld in hoip, and in the warld to cum in deid ' ; eUso p. XXX, ' Thai suld trow the artikillis of thair Crede ' ; and Mandeville, Travels, 13, ' Jcsit Christiis nascetur de Virr/ine Mnna, et ego credo in eum, that is to say, Jesu Christ shall be born of the Virgin Mary, and I trow in him.' But through degeneration the word came to signify no more than t/dnk or suppose, as Lk 8" Kliem. 'Who is this (trow ye) that he commaundeth both the windes and the sea, and they obey hini ? ' ; Ac 8^ Rhem. ' Trowest thou that thou understandest the things which thou readest?' This is the meaning in Lk 17', the only occurrence of the word in AV, ' Doth he thank that servant because he did the things that were commanded him? I trow not' (ou SoKu ; edd. and RV omit). J. HASTINGS.
TRUMPET (including Feast of Trumpets and New Year). — Among the wind instruments of the Hebrews (see Music, § 2, e and /) were two, sho- p/idr and lidzozerak, which are variously rendered in A V by ' trumpet,' 'trump,' and 'cornet.' The more ancient of these, especially used for secular purposes, except in P, was the horn or shophdr (L\X Kiparivi} or irdXiriyi). The latter word is used by Philo, who describes the feast of the 1st of 'Tishri as the feast of the erdXiri-n-ct (Wendland, Neuenideckte Fraginente Philo's, p. 11 ; Schiirer, GJV^ ii. p. 4.50).
The Heb. name i£w is probably derived from a root meaning to be bright, in reference to the clear, sharp, piercing tone of the instrument. That it was matle of horn is attested not only by the tradi- tion of the synagogue, but also by the interchange between ijic and yrp, ('horn'); see Jos 6''-'. As, moreover, the word SnV ('ram,' whence 'Jubilee,' see Sabbatical Year) is often associated with shophdr, the original instrument was probably made of a ram's liorn (cf. Nowack, Heb. Arch. i. 277). Some authorities suggest that possibly in later times an instrument of similar shape was made of metal (Benzinger, Heb. Arch. 277 ; Kirk- palrick on Ps 98^ etc.). The modem synagogue, which still uses the shophdr in the months of Elul and Ti.shri, preferentiallv employs the ram's horn, but the Mislina (Itoxh Hasluina iii. 2) permits the use of the horn of any (clean) animal • xcept the cow. Driver {Joel and Amos, p. 144) delines the biblical shophdr, however, as ' the curved horn of a cow or ram.' 'The Mishna {ib. § 3) specially men- tions the straight horn of the ibex as used in the temple. The common crook form is pictured in vol. ii. p. 462, but Asiatic Jews prefer spiral forms similar to the trumpets of the Hindu priests. Among the exhibits at the Anglo-Jewish Exhibi- tion (1887, Catalogue, p. 97, beautifully illustrated by Frank Haes, Edition de Luxe) was one from Aden, made from the splendid horn of the koodoo (cf. F. L. Cohen, Jewish Chronicle, Sept. 1, 18'J!I, p. 25). Thus the shophdr, though preferentially made in Western lands of the ram's iiorn, may be constructed of the horn of any sheep, goat, or ante- lope, growing separately from its core, and it 'varies in shape from absolute straightncss through a gradual curve to the sjiiral.' The cronk is pre- ferred, not, as modern Jewish homilists liolil, for symbolical reasons, but ' because of the same acoustic eflects consequent on such a curve, as decided the form of tiie ancient Roman cavalry trumpet, or the modern saxophone. The trumpet of the Roman cavalry was, indeed, only a large thophdr, elegant! V fashioned in bronze (Cohen, xb.).