The otlier uses of the shophdr are not easily dis- criminated from those of the hazozcrah, and tlie two instruments must be considered in conjunc- tion. The hdzOzernh dilfored from tlie shophdr in sha])e (see vol. iii. p. 462 f.), beinjr nearly a yard long, a straight slender tube with a slight expansion at the mouth and a bell-shaped end (Jos. Ant. III. xii. 6 ; so Arch of Titus and Coins). It also differed in material, as it w^as made of metal ('beaten silver,' Nu 10^). The hAzozSrah was the sacred clarion, and was closely connected (mostly in P and Chron.) with the later temple service as described in Chronicles. It was a more musical instrument than the shophdr, and was used almost e.xclusively by the priests. As a secular instrument, the hcizozerah is mentioned in Hos 5', together with tlie shophar, as used to signal the approach of an invading army. ' Previously to the Exile,' says Cheyne (ad loc), 'the cornet [shophdr] and the trumpet (hdzozSrah) were prob- ably different names for the same instrument, as the Law (Nu 10'""" 31') prescribes the use of the silver trumpet in cases when, according to the prophetic and historical books, the cornet or shophar was used. In writings of post-captivity origin (Pa 98=, 1 Oh 15^8, 2 Ch 15") they appear to re]iresent different instruments, or rather slightly different varieties of the same instrument.' Per- haps in 2 K 11" the hazozcrah is a secular instru- ment (so Oxford Hehre,w Lex. p. 348). Mostly it was the shophdr that was used in war as a signal either for assembly (Jg 3", 2 S 20'), attack, or retreat (2 S 2^). We cannot tell whether it was the shophdr or httzozcrah that is referred to often in the Books of the Maccabees (e.g. 1 Mac 3'^ aoK-n-Ly^, 4*" ' trumpeted with trumpets of signals,' 5^' etc.). The watchman blew tlie shophdr to raise an alarm or to indicate impending danger (Am 3«, Jer 6', Ezk 33"), and Moore (on .Ig 6*") renders shophdr by 'war-horn.' In tlie narrative of Gideon (Jg 7 ") there seems a large supply of horns in the camp, but in v.^it is expressly said that the troops that were sent home left their horns with Gideon, thus enabling him to furnish each of his 300 men with a shophdr (see Moore, Judrjcs, p. 203 ff.). In the Jubilee year the shophdr was sounded on tlie 10th of Tishri as a signal (Lv 25' P), and this may be the origin of the synagogue usage to sound the shophdr on the conclusion of the Day of Atonement. Possibly, however, this Is connected with the custom of sounding a trumpet (hdzozcrah) in the temple at the begin- ning and end of the Sabbath (T. Jerus. Shabbath xvii. 16rt ; B.ab. Shabbath 356; Jos. Ant. IV. ix. 12 : ' tlie top of the Pastophoria, where one of the priests usually stood and gave a signal before- hand in the evening wiili a trumjiet at tlie begin- ning of every seventh day [Friday evening], as also in the evening wlien the sabbath da}' was finished, giving notice to the people when they were to leave off work, and when they were to go to work again ').
Reverting to Bible times, a blast of trumpets announced an important event such as a ro3-al accession (1 K l*"-*" the shophar is named, but the ffdzozn-ah in 2 K 11"), and the popular joy was aided in the same manner on other occasions (2 S
6", cf. Ps 47'). Liturgically, the h&zozirdh was the priestly instrument par excellence (the Levites had several other instruments). The silver trumpets were blown at the beginning of each month (Nu 10'"), but the shophdr on the New Moon of Tisliri (see Kirkpatrick's notes on Ps 81).
The Talmud (Mishna, loc. cH.\ Talm. Bab. Rosh na.sliana 26ft) explains tliat the silver trumpets were not omitted on the 1st of Tishri, but that besides these a shophdr (of straight ibex horn with a golden mouthpiece — an addition unlawful except in the temple) was sounded, its notes being made to predominate ON er the trumpets.
The silver trumpets were sounded at the daily burnt-offering (2 Ch 29-''-''«, Nu 10'- =• •<>), and at the three pauses in the singing of the dailj' psalms (a later introduction) three blasts (nine in all) were sounded from the silver trumpets, and the people fell down and worshipped (2 Ch 29^ etc.). Tliere seem to have been 7 trumpets in the Levitical orchestra (so Biichler, ZATW, 1899, p. 329, on basis of 1 Ch 15-'', Neh 12^'). On the prostration as signalled by the trumpets see also Sir 50"- " ; Mishna, Tamid vii. 3. Trumpets were also used on semi-religious occasions of joy, and particularly at the Ceremony of the Water-Drawing at the Feast of Tabernacles (Mishna, Succah v. 4), a ceremony which ia very ancient, and may even underlie Is 12\ I. ABRAHAMS.
TRUST.— See Faith.
TRUTH. — The usage of Holy Scripture in respect to words expressive of the idea of ' truth,' in its broadest signilication, is a point of considerable interest and importance. The study of it illustrates the influence of Hebrew training upon the writers of NT, and brings into relief characteristics of the ethical and religious thought both of OT and NT which are full of profound instruction.