lates vii-xi; Kaufmann, RJ xiii. [1886] 45-61;
einach, 26. 217-223; CIL viii. Suppl. No. 12457). At Oea in Tripolis the Christian bishop in the time of Augustine consulted the Jews there about a passage in Jerome’s new translation of the Bible (Augustine, Epist. xxi. 3, 5). On the Peutinger Table there is mention of a place in the same neighbourhood, called ‘Judzorum Augusti.’
b. Numidia. The presence of Jews at Hippo is evident from Augustine, Serm. excvi. 4. At Cirta there are Latin inscriptions (CZL viii. Nos. 7150, 7155, 7530 [ef. Add. p. 965], 7710).
c. Mauretania. At Sitifis there are Latin in- scriptions (CJL viii. Nos. 8423, 8499). At Tipasa there was a Jewish synagogue, at Ceesarea the house of a Jewish ‘ruler of the synagogue’ is mentioned (see the evidence from processes against martyrs in Monceaux, REJ xliv. 8). Even in the extreme west of Mauretania, at Volubilis, a He- brew inscription, probably of the Roman period, has been found (Berger, Bulletin archéol. du comité des travaux historiques, 1892, pp. 64-66, pl. xiii).
8. MACEDONIA AND GREECE.—The most im- portant testimony is that of Philo, or of the letter of Agrippa to Caligula which he quotes (see above, p. 92+). Thessaly, Boeotia, Macedonia, Aitolia, Attica, Argos, Corinth, and, finally, 7a mdeiora Kal dpisra MeNorovvycov, are named by him as countries where Jews dwell. If we me ie this general statement with the meagre special testimonies that are available, we see how full of dacune our infor- mation is. Interesting dates are furnished by two manumission-deeds from Delphi. In the one a certain Atisidas gives their liberty to three Jewish female slaves (cwpara yuvaiketa rpla als dvéuara ’Avri- ybva 76 yévos "lovdalay Kal ras Ovyarépas alras Ocodépay kal Awpodéav); in the other the subject of manumis- sion is described as cua dvdpetov @ bvoua Iovdatos 7d yévos ‘lovéatov (Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt- Inschriften, herausg. von Collitz, Bd. ii. Heft 3-5 [1892-1896], Nos. 1722, 2029). Since these docu- ments belong to the first half of the 2nd cent. B.C., we have to do in all probability with prisoners of war of the Maccabean period who had been sold into slavery in Greece. From 1 Mac 15% it is evident that at the same date there were Jews also in Sparta and Sicyon. In the time of St. Paul there were Jewish synagogues at Philippi, Thessalonica, Bercea, Athens, Corinth (Ac 162: 17}; 10.17 184-7), For Jewish-Greek inscriptions at Athens, see CJ Attic. iii. 2, Nos. 3545, 3546, 3547; at Patree, CIG 9896 ; in Laconia and Thessalonica, REJ x. 77£.; at Mantinea, REJ xxxiv. 148. EXTRA VOL.—7
wont to be sent to Jerusalem.
DIASPORA 97
In the great islands of Eubea, Cyprus, and Crete the Jews were very numerous. ° All three are named By: Philo in the letter of Agrippa (see above). or Cyprus, cf. also 1Mac 15%, Ac 436 11” 134; Jos. Ant. xmr. x. 4. In the time of Trajan the Jews in et ba massacred thousands of the non-Jewish population and devastated the capital, Salamis. For this they were completely rooted out of the island (Dio Cass. Ixviii. 32; Euseb. Chron., ed. Schoene, ii. 164f.). For Crete, cf. 1 Mac 15% (Gortyna) ; Jos. Ant. XVIII. xii. is BJ i. vii. 1, Vita, 76.
Of the other islands there is mention in 1 Mac 153 of Delos, Samos, Cos, and Rhodes. The three last named were off the coast of Caria. The settle- ment of Jews in them would thus be connected with their settlement in Caria. At Cos, as early as the time of Mithridates, we hear of great sums of Jewish money being carried off by that monarch (Jos. Ant. XIV. vii. 2: 74 Tdv "Iovdalwv dbxraxdora Tddavra). Rhodes was in the first half of the Ist cent. B.C. the home of two prominent authors who wrote against the Jews, viz. Posidonius and Apol- lonius Molon (both combated by Josephus in his work c, Apion.). In the time of Tiberius a gram- marian named Diogenes lived there, whose habit it was to hold disputations only on the Sabbath cay (Sueton. Tiber. 32). Delos, owing to its politi- cal and commercial importance during the Greek period, was a meeting-point for Oriental traders. That Jews with a Greek education were settled there about B.c. 100 at the latest, is shown by two Greek inscriptions emanating from the island of Rheneia (the burying-place of the in- habitants of Delos). The two inscriptions in question are of an imprecatory order, invoking Divine vengeance on the unknown murderers of two maidens, The prayers are unquestionably Jewish ; the inscriptions are shown by the char- acter of the writing to be not later than the end of the 2nd or the beginning of the Ist cent. B.C. (cf., on these interesting inscriptions, Deissmann, Philologus, 1xi. [1902] 252-265). Acts in favour of the Jews of Delos, belonging to the time of Cesar, are quoted by Josephus in Anfé. XIv. x. 8 and 14, We have evidence, further, of the presence of Jews at Paros (Jos. Ant. XIV. x. 8), Melos (Ant. XVI. xii. 1; BJ I. vii. 1), and Aegina (CIG 9894),
9. KomE.—When we pass to Italy, we find that Rome in particular was the home of a Jewish com- munity which could be counted by thousands. According to Valerius Maximus (I. iii. 2), Jews were expelled from Rome by the preetor Hispalus as early as the year B.C. 139, in consequence of their attempts at proselytizing (the passage, which has not survived in the original, reads thus, as * extracted by Nepotianus: ‘Judzeos quoque, qui Romanis tradere sacra sua conati erant, idem Hispalus urbe exterminavit’; or, as given by Paris: ‘Idem Judeos, qui Sabazi Jovis cultu Romanos inficere mores conati erant, repetere domos suas coegit’ [Sabazius is a Phrygian divinity ; there is here manifestly a confusion with 2aBawd=Heb. nixzy Zéba@’6th]). Since, accord- ing to 1 Mac 144 151-24, at that very time (B.C. 140-139) a Jewish embassy was sent to Rome by the high priest Simon, it would appear as if the propaganda referred to had been the work of parties in the train of this embassy (not the work of the members themselves). :