We are told¢ that before the time of Julius Cesar a foot-soldier was paid 4 of a denarius a day, a centurion 3, a horse - soldier a denarius ; that these wages were doubled by J ulius Cesar, and further increased by Augustus, and again by Domitian. The Pretorian guards received double
references to the payment of wages and the services of wage-earners. Sir speaks of the ‘hireling who giveth thee his life’ (marg. ‘soul’). On the other hand, we are bidden (Sir 372) not ‘to take counsel . . . with a hireling in thy house about finishing his work.’ It was still necessary (Sir 34”, and later still Ja 5+) to denounce those who kept back the wages of their
* 300 ka=1 gur (Johns). + 180 §e=1 shekel (Johns). t Ramsay’s Roman Antiquities, p. 391.
ay. There are various
hired servants. 1 Mac 6”.
In Mk 1°° Zebedee has a paid crew (“10 Owrol) for his fishing-boat ; and hired servants (u/o6.0r) appear in the parables of the Prodigal Son (Lk 15”) and of the Labourers in the Vineyard (Mt 20' 2). The former implies that the household of a wealthy man included several hired servants ; and the latter, that there was a class of free labourers who were, as in the Old Testament, hired and paid by the day. So, too, the reaper receives wages (Jn 455, Ja 54). The service of the ‘hireling’ or free labourer is still lightly esteemed : ‘the hireling . . . fleeth because he is an hireling, and careth not for the sheep’ (Jn 1018) ; and the Apostles style themselves and their fellow-Christians the ‘slaves’ (do0\0), never the ‘hired servants,’ of Christ. The preachers of the gospel receive wages, ‘hire’ (08s), from men whom they serve (Lk 107, 2Co 11%, 1 Ti 5%). God is said to give ‘hire’ or wages (Mt 512 208, He 11° etc.); on the other hand, there are ‘ the wages (dpwa) of sin’ (Ro 675) and ‘the wages (u780l) of unrighteous- ness’ (2 P 2” etc.).
Mt 5 ‘whosoever shall impress thee to go one mile’ implies the existence of the corvée or exaction of forced labour.
v. The wages of occasional service. —'The Apoc- rypha and the New Testament give us no definite information as to the payment for pieces of work done by smiths, carpenters, etc.
Mercenary soldiers appear in
Lireratorn. —Ewald, Antiquities of Isracl, pp. 185, 217 £.; Nowack, Lehrbuch der Heb. Arch. i. pp. 221-250 ; Benzinger, Heb. Arch. pp. 204-223; W. H. Bennett, ‘Economic Conditions of the Hebrew Monarchy (Labour),’ in Thinker, April 1893 ; O. H. W. Johns, The Oldest Code of Laws in the World (Code of
Hammurabi), 1908. W. H. BENNETT.
SHIPS AND BOATS.—Under the designation ‘ships’ are included in the Bible vessels of all sizes, from the sea-going ships whose Phcenician crews ‘did their business in great waters’ (Ps 1072), and traded for kings Solomon and Hiram (1 K 9%: 27- 28) from the head of the Gulf of ‘Akabah in the Red Sea to OPHIR in the Indian or Arabian Sea, down to the mere fishing-boats of the Sea of Tiberias (Jn 6! 211; called Sea of Galilee in Mt 48 Mk 731, Jn 6!; and Lake of Gennesaret in Lk 51), such as that in which our Lord was awakened from sleep during a storm and rebuked the wind and sea and reproached His timid dis- ciples for their want of faith (Lk 8”). * Boats’ are mentioned in the AV only twice. The term is applied once to what were, apparently, lake fishing-craft (Jn 6% 8 Aoudépiov). Ib is used again, in the story of St. Paul’s voyage and shipwreck, of the boat (oxd@n) of a sea-going ship which was hoisted up on account of bad weather after being towed astern during the first part of the voyage (Ac 27'8), This boat was afterwards lowered again by the erew of the ship, but cut adrift by the soldiers on St. Paul’s advice (vv. *),*
‘A, SHIPS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT.—It seems proper to make mention here, as belonging to the category of ‘ships,’ although denominated an ‘ark’ (nan), of the huge three-decked vessel said to have been built by Noah under Divine direction (Gn 64. 5.16), and apparently without mast, sail, or any means of steering or propulsion. It was to be of gopher wood (an unknown timber), and was in- tended as a means of saving Noah and his family, and such animals as were necessary for the per-
* A ‘ferry-boat’ is perhaps mentioned in 28 1918, if the MT aay -772y) is correct, although such a meaning of M32y is not found elsewhere. But prob. Wellhausen (followed by Driver, et al.) is right in reading ‘7 Ay) ‘and they crossed over the ford.’ This is implicitly supported by the LXX za} tacirodpyntay Tiny asiroupyiay (t.e., by confusion of 7 and 1, m73y3 7402, the reading adopted by Budde in SBO7).
360 SHIPS AND BOATS