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Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels
Printed by Morrison & Gibe Limited
T. & T. CLARK, EDINBURGH
lONDON : SIMI'KIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, AND CO. LIMITED NEW YORK : CHARLES SCRIBNEB's SONS
[The Sights of Translation and of Eeprodvction are Reserved.']
Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels
EDITED BY
JAMES HASTINGS, D.D.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OK
JOHN A. SELBIE, D.D.
AND (IN THE READING OP THE PROOFS) OF
JOHN C. LAMBERT, D.D.
VOLUME I AAEON - KNOWLEDGE
Edinburgh: T. & T. CLARK, 38 George Street
New York: CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, i53-i57 Fifth Avenue 1906
First Impression . . . November 1906 Second Impression . . January 1907 Third Impression . . June 1908
{Messrs. Charles' Scribner's Sons, i^'etv York, have the sole right of publication of this Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels in the United States and Canada.]
35 v.l
PREFACE
" The Purpose of this Dictionary is to give an aecouut of everything that relates to '■^ CHRIST — His Person, Life, Work, and Teaching.
It is in a sense complementary to the Dictionary of the Bible, in which, of course, Christ has a great place. But a Dictionary of the Bible, being occupied mainly with things biographical, historical, geographical, or antiquarian, does not give attention to the things of Christ sufficient for the needs of the preacher, to whom yhrist is everything. This is, first of all, a preacher's Dictionary. The Authors of the articles have been carefully chosen from among those Scholars who are, or have ^ been, themselves preachers. And even when the articles have the same titles as articles in the Dictionai-y of the Bible, they are written by new men, and from a new standpoint. It is thus a work which is quite distinct from, and altogether independent of, the Dictionary of the Bible.
It is called a Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels, because it includes everything that the Gospels contain, whether directly related to Christ or not. Its range, however, is far greater than that of the Gospels. It seeks to cover all that relates to Christ throughout the Bible and in the life and literature of the world. There will be articles on the Patristic estimate of Jesus, the Mediseval estimate, the Eeformation and Modern estimates. There will be articles on Christ in the Jewish writings and in the Muslim literature. Much attention has been given to modern thought, whether Christian or anti-Christian. Every aspect of modern life, in so far as it touches or is touched by Christ, is described under its proper title.
Still, the Gospels are the main source of our knowledge of Christ, and it will be found that the contents of the Gospels, especially their spiritual contents, have never before been so thoroughly investigated and set forth.
SlSiiS
PREFACE
It will be observed at once that a large number of the titles of the articles are new. Thus — to take the first letter of the alphabet — there are no articles in the Dictionary of the Bible (unless the word happens to be used in some obsolete sense) on Abgar, Abiding, Above and Below, Absolution, Accommodation, Activity, Affliction, Agony, Amazement, Ajvibassage, Ambition, Announcements of Death, Annunciation, Arbitration, Akisteas, Aristion, Arrest, Asceticism, Attraction of Christ, Attributes of Christ, Authority of Christ, Authority in Religion, Awe. These articles are enough to give the present work distinction.
Again, there are certain topics which are treated more fully here than in the Dictionary of the Bible, because they have specially to do with Christ. In the letter A may be named Acceptance, Access, Alpha and Omega, Anger, Anointing, Ascension, Assurance, Atonement.
All these articles, moreover, have a range which is greater than the corresponding articles in the Dictionary of the Bible, if they occur there. They describe some aspect of Christ's Person or Work, not only as it is presented in the Bible, but also as it has been brought out in the history of the Church, and in Christian experience.
And even when the articles are confined to the Gospels they have a character of their own. The ground that has to be covered being less, the treatment can be fuller. It has also been found possible to make it more expository. Take the following examples — Abba, Amen, Angels, Apostles, Aechelaus, Art, Augustus.
Thus, in a word, there are three classes of topics, each of which contributes something towards the distinction of this work. There are topics, like Authority of Christ, which are wholly new. There are topics which may or may not be wholly new, like Attraction (which is new) and Atonement (which is not), but which have a wider range than any topics in the Dictionary of the Bible. And there are topics, like Angels, which have a narrower range, having no occasion to go beyond the limits of tiie Gospels, but within that range are fuller, and of more practical value for the preacher.