the Parables ; Bruce, The Parabolic
nini. of .Meyer, Alford, Bengel, etc.;
w "./ '/■ .\ /', p. 175ff. ; Beyschlag,
, 11, . I. Holtzmann, ZeArfrucA
, \\ ■ i:^*acker. Apostolic Age,
I riitianity,i.76B.
H. H. CURRIE.
ADVOCATE (TapdKXrrros). — A term applied to Christ in 1 Jn 2' (AV and RV ; RVm 'Or Coth- fortcr ox Helper, Gr. Paraclete'), and to the Holy Spirit in RVm of Jn 14'«- ''^ 15=« 16', where both AV and RV have 'Comforter' in the text. For an fx am illation of the Greek word and its cognates, see art. ' Paraclete ' in Hastings' DB iii. 665- 668. The verb TrapaKoX^u occurs in the papyri in the contrasted senses of 'encourage' {Oxyr. Pap. 663. 42) and of 'entreat' (ib. 744. 6); but the passive verbal form has not been found. The term in its Latinized form came originally from the Itala or one of the Old Latin versions through the Vulgate. And Wyclif introduced it into the English versions, translating 1 Jn 2' 'we han avoket' in 1382 ; so Purvey 'an aduooat' in 1388.^
Etymologically the word means ' called to one's hide,' especially for the purposes of help, and, in its technical usage, for advice in the case of judicial procedure, with the further suggestion of en- deavouring to enlist the sympathy of the judge in favour of the accused. In 1 Jn 2' the last is generally taken to be the only sense ; and the meaning evidently is that, if any believer sin, Jesus Christ in person intercedes in his behalf with the Father, and, representing the believer, carries on his cause in the courts of heaven. Simi- larly, according to the passage in the Fourth Gospel, the Holy Spirit may be regarded as God's Advocate both with and in man, promoting the Divine interests in the human sphere, from re- pentance (Jn 16'-", cf. Job 33"-3-*') to perfecting But here the technical legal sense of the word disappears, and the Spirit becomes, according to another marginal rendering, the God-sent ' Helper ' of a man who is struggling against everything within or around him that makes godly living difficult. Whilst, therefore, the provisions of grace include the twofold advocacy, — Christ as the Advocate of a believer with God, and the Spirit as the Advocate of God with man, whether believing or unregenerate, — the two functions differ both in range and in relation ; and the term
^.NON
AFFLICTION
'Advocate' is too specialized to characterize or to cover the operations attributed to the Spirit. The Spirit, as an Advocate sent from God, entreats and helps a man (see art. Comforter), but does not represent him before God as Judge or as Father, and does not appeal to anything in man of final and supreme authority. K. W. Moss.
'springs').— Mentioned only in Jn 3^ 'And John also was baptizing in yEnon near to Salim, because there were many waters there ' (RVm). The place cannot be identified with certainty. Four sites have been proposed, two in Samaria and two in Judsea.
1. Eusebius and Jerome (Onojnast.' 229. 91, 99. 25) place jEnon in the Jordan Valley, 8 miles south of Scythopolis (Beis&n), 'juxta Salem et Jordaneni.' About 7 miles south of Beisan and 2 miles west of the Jordan there are seven springs, all lying within a radius of a quarter of a mile, and numerous rivulets. Three-quarters of a mile to the north of these springs van de Velde found a tomb bearing the name of Sheikh Salim. But the fact that a modern sheikh bore the name Salim is far from satisfactory proof that the Salim. of our narrative was at this place. If we are to find Salim in Samaria at all, does not the mention of it as a well-known place .suggest the well-known Salim 4 miles east of Shechem ? And would it not be gratuitous for the Evangelist to say of a place so near the Jordan that there was much water there? But, in spite of the.se objections, Sanday (Sacred Sites of the Gospels, p. 36) and others still think this site has the best claim.
2. Tristram {Bible Places, p. 234) and Conder {Tent Wm-k in Palestine, i. pp. 91-93) place /Enon at 'Ainun on a hill near the head of the great Far'ah valley, the open highway from the Damieh ford of the Jordan to Shecliem. Four miles south- west of the village of 'Ainun, in the Wady Far'ah, is a succession of springs, yielding a copious per- ennial stream, -with flat meadows on either side, where great crowds might gather. Three miles south of the valley (7 miles from 'Ainun) stands Salim. Conder .says : ' The site of Wady Far'ah is the only one where all the requisites are met — the two names, the fine water supply, the proximity of the desert, and the open character of tlie^romul.' The situation is a central one also, accessible by roads from all quarters, and it agrees well with the new identification of Bethabara. But (n) 'Ainun is not ' near to Salim,' the two places being 7 miles apart, and separated by the great Wady Far'ah. (b) There is not a drop of water at 'Ainun (Robinson, Bib. Bes. iii. 305). (c) It is not likely that John the Baptist was labouring among the Samaritans, with whom the Jews had no dealings (cf. Mt 3' 10=). {d) It appears that both Jesus aiid John were baptizing in Judaja (Jn 3--- »), and their proximity gave occasion to the remarks referred to in Jn S^, and that Jesus left Judtea for Galilee with the intention of getting out of the neighbour- hood of Jolm and removing the appearance of rivalry (Jn 4'). But if yEnon was in Samaria, Jesus was nearer Jolm than before.