In later times, Robinson (BRF' ii. 348 f., iii. 108) supports the claims of Khirbet Kc'ttia, and is fol- lowed by Ritter, Thomson, Ewald, Socin, Keim, and others. Eusebius and Jerome (Onom. s.v. Kava) identify Cana with Kanah* in Asher (Jos 19-*). This could not be Kefr Kenna, which is not in Asher, but might be Khirbet Kana {Encyc. Bibl. i. 638). Other recent writers contend for Kefr Kenna, among whom are Guerin, de Saulcy, Porter, Tristram, etc. The balance of evidence is perhaps on the side of the northern site (Hastings' DB i. 346''). Conder [PEF Mem. i. 288) suggests as a possible site a spot nearer to Nazareth than Kefr Kenna, called '.^ ire Kana, and not far from Reineh. Dr. Sanday appears to support this, and claims Guthe as agreeing {Saered Sites, 24 n.).
Literature. — Hastings' DB i. 346 ; Encyc. Bibl. i. 637 ; Robinson, BRPi ii. 348 f., iii. 108; Conder, PEF Mem. i. 288; Stanley, SP 368 ; Gu6rin, GaliUe, i. 175 ff. ; Thomson, Land and Boot, 426 f.; Tristram, Lando/'/srarf, 455; Socin, Pa(. 368, 367 ; Murray, Pal. 366; Buhl, OAP 219 f. ; Ewald, Gesch. vi. 180 n. ; Keim, Jesus of A'azara, iv. 116 n. ; Ritter, Comp. Geogr. iv. 378 f. A. W. COOKE.
CANAANITE.— See Canan^an.
CANAANITISH.— The RV rendering of Xa^araia (AV ' of Canaan ') in Mt 15- (only here in NT). The word is used to describe the woman who came out of the borders of Tyre and Sidon, desiring to have her daughter healed who was grievously vexed with a devil. St. Mark (7"*) calls her a Greok('EXX7/vis),a Syro-phoenician(2K/)o0oii/iKi<ro-a) by race. A Canaanite, signifying properly ' dweller d in a wider or a na
the lowland,' is used meaning in the OT, Canaan being a name applied either to the strip of seacoast from Gaza to Sidon, or, more loosely, to the whole possession of Israel, or that part which lay west of Jordan (Gn 10'"; cf. Jos 51, Nu n-\ Gu Ipi). The LXX renders Canaanite (":y») indifl'erently by ^olmi and XavaK- aios (Ex 6'^ Jos 5', Nu 13=»- W, Jg !*>-», while in Ex 16** and Jos S^- we find ]m \lf tr. by /aepos Tn% <j>oii'/ki;s and xi^P"- '''"" ^oi.vIkoii'. These coast in- habitants being the great traders of the old world, ' Canaanite ' or ' Phoenician ' was often used simply to mean 'a merchant' (Is 23* [LXX IfiiropoiJ, and cf. Hos 12', Zeph 1").
The woman who came to our Lord was a 'Canaanite' in the sense that she belonged to the stock of the old Phoenicians of Syria termed ' Syro-phoenician ' to distinguish them from those of Africa. These were heathen, and between them
CANAXiEAX
CANDLESTICK
and the Jews existed the hitteiest hostility ; see Jos. c. Apion. i. 13 (who mentions the Phoenicians, especially of Tyre, with the Egyptians as bearing the greatest ill-\\ill towards the Jews). This fact makes instructive a comparison between our Lord's treatment of this woman and His dealing with the woman of Samaria ; cf. especially Jn 4' with Mt 15=«. The Clementines [Horn. ii. 19, iii. 73) men- tion her by the name of Justa, and maintain that the Lord hrst won her from heathendom, and after that was able to heal her daughter, whose name is given as Bernice.*
Ltterature.— The Commentaries on the Gospels, esp. Swete on Mk 726; the articles in Hastings' DB and the Encyc. Bibl.: Trench, Miracles, ad loc; Edersheim, Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, ii. 37 £f.; Expos. Times, iv. [1892) p. SO'ff. ; W. Archer Butler, Serm, i. 155 flE. ; Lynch, Serm. to my Curates, p. 3I7ff. ; Ker, Serm., 2nd ser. p. 200 £E. ; Bruce, Galilean Gospel,
P- 154 ff. J. B. Bristow.
CSNAN^AN.— • Cananfean ' (RV, following the reaiHng Kamfa'ios adopted by Lachmann, Tischen- dorf, Tregelles, WH, and modern scholars gener- ally) or Canaanite (AV, following the TR reading Kacai/iTjjs) is a description applied by St. Matthew (ion and St. Mark (S^') in their lists of the Twelve to the second of the two Apostolic Simons, who is thus distinguished from Simon Peter. There tan be no doubt that 'Canaanite,' which means an inhaliitant of Canaan, is a false render- ing. The Gr. for Canaan is Xai^adi' (Ac 7" 13'''), and for Canaanite, Xacamios (Mt lo-") not Kavai'iT-rj's. Transliterating the KaraWT-Tjs of the TR, the AV should have .spelled the word 'Cananite,' as indeed was done in the Geneva Version, and in some edi- tions of the AV, though not in tliat of 1611. But it is practically certain that Kava»aios (wliich in the text of Mk. especially is very strongly suji- ported, e.ff. by NBCDLA) is the correct reading. The word seems to be a construction from the [ilural form k;J!<JB of the late Heb. IN|P, correspond- ing to the Biblical njb, 'jealous' (see Schiirer, HJP, I. ii. 80 f . ; and note that the noun nmp, which in the Heb. text of the OT is used in the sense of ' zeal ' as well as of ' jealousy,' is sometimes rendered in tlie LXX by fvXos [Is 9« 26"]). This is 1x)rne out by the fact that St. Luke, on the two which he gives a list of the Apostles
show that the two epithets are synonymous.
Jerome, who in the Vulg. .-ulni.ts the form 'Cananajus,' in his Com. in Mutt, interprets it 'de vico Chana Galihoa-'; and he has Ijocn followed by many srhulars in modern times, who have taken the name to be a corruption of Kai-aios, and to mean ' a man of Cana, probably Cana in Galilee. This view, however, now obtains little support, though Cheyne {Encyc. Bibl. ii. col. 2624, iv. col. 4535) appears to favour it. Meyer (Com. on Matt., in loc), while holding that the form of the word makes the derivation from Cana impos- sible, maintains that it is nevertheless 'derived from the name of some place or other ' ; and would ex])lain its use in Mt. and Mk. froin the fact that Simon, as a quondam zealot, ' bore the surname "jkjp, fTjXan-iJs, a name which was correctly interpreted by Luke ; but, according to another tradition, was erroneously derived from the name of a place, and accordingly came to be rendered 6 Kavai/aros.' This is ingenious, but seems need- lessly far-fetched. It is quite arbitrary, too, to say that the form Kavavaloi must be derived f;om the name of a place. The termination -oios is common in the Grecized rendering of names of sects {e.g. •Papuraios, SaSSoi/xaios, 'Ea<raiOS ; see Grinim-Thayer, * X«.av«7ot is to be distinguished from K«>«..tw, TR K«.«.«;i.- (Mt IfH), which means a Zealot, and is llie designation of the i .Apostle Siuiou. See Canasaai;. '