6. Later history.— From A.D. 150 onwards the shores of the Sea of Galilee Ijecame a stronghold of Rabbinical Judaism. The fanaticism of this district would not tolerate the presence of Chris- tians ; it is expressly stated by Epiphanius {E(er. XXX. II ; cf. Harnack, Expansion of Christianity, ii. 261) that down to the time of Constantine no one had ever dared to erect a church either at Nazareth or Capernaum, or at other places men- tioned in the neighbourhood. That means that there must have oeen a complete break in the Christian tradition ; so that, when we read later that a church was built on the supposed site of Peter's house, it is not likely that the guess had any real authority (It in. Hicros. pp. 112f., 163, 197). Still Capernaum was one of the sacred places, and from the 4th cent, onwards it was frequented by Christian pilgrims. Eusebius (and Jerome after him) mentions the place as on the Sea of Gennesaret, but throws no further light upon it beyond fixing its distance as two Roman miles from Chorazin (Onomast. pp. 120, 174). We have seen that Theodosius came to it from Tiberias after passing through Magdala and Seven Foun- tains (It in. Hieros. p. 137 f. ). Arculf us (c. 670 A.D. ) did not enter Capernaum, but saw it from a neigh- bouring height stretching along the Lake, and ob- served that it had no wall (ih. p. 273 f.). The nun who tells the story of St. Willibald (c. 723 A.D.) makes him first come to Cajiernaum, then to Beth- saida, then to Corazaim, ubi Dominus dcemoniacos curavit, where there is an evident confusion between Chorazin and Gerasa (mod. Kcrsa), the scene of the healing of the demoniac. The same blunder occurs in the anonymous Life, so that it probably goes back to St. Willibald himself (see Tobler, Descript. Terr. Sanct. pp. 26, 63). We have seen that the history of KhAn Minyeh, so far as we can trace it, belongs to the Saracenic and Turkish periods. Saladin lialted at al-Munaja in 1189, but the building of the khdn is referred by Sepp to Sinan Pasha under Suleiman the Magnifi- cent (1496-1566).
LrrzRATUEE.— The most important descriptions and discus- sions are as follows : — On the side o( those who would place Capernaum at Khdn Minyeh : Robinson, BRP^ ii. 403-408, iii. 344-3(i0 ; Sepp, Sem Entdedmngen (Munchen. 189«) ; G. A. Smith. HGHL*p. 466, and in Etui/c. Biblica. On the side of those who identify Capernaum with TeU fltim : W. M. Thomson, LB (ed. 1901) pp. 350-356, cf. also 359 f. ; Sir Charles Wilson, The Recoeern of Jerusalem (London, 1871), ii. 375-387 ; and a solid phalanx of the most judicious German writers, e.g. Furrer in Schenkel'8 Bibel-lexikm (1871) ; Socin (in Baedeker's PaU p. 2«1 f.) ; Schurer, GJV^ ii. 445 f. ; Guthe, Eunes Bibelwiirter- huch, and elsewhere; Buhl, GAP (1896) pp. 223-225, cf. 242. The writer of this article gave a hesitatmg adhesion to the fomur view in Sacred SiU» of the Gospels (Oxford, 1903), but JThSt for Oct. 1093, vol. v. pp. 42-48.
W. Sanday.
retracted that c
J
CAPTATX
CARE
CAPTAIN.— I. This word is the AV rendering of two Greek terms in the Gospels:— (1) x'^'opx?', properly ' leader of a thousand (Jn 18'-, RV ' chief captain,' EVm 'military tribune'; see also Mk 6-', Ac 21"'- ^-- ^- ^ 22-<- '■"'• ""• 28- =» SS'"- "■ "• >'• '»• 2- 24'- ^-- 23, Rev 6" W). (2) (7TpaT7)76s, properly ' leader of an army,' ' general ' (Lk 22''- "^ ; see also
Ac, 41 524. 26).
1, x'^'apxi's is used (a) in a vague general sense of a superior military officer, and (6) technically as the Greek equivalent of the Roman praifectus or trihunus militum. The Roman garrison in the citadel at Jerusalem, consisting of a cohort (Ta7|Ua = NT (rnipa, ' band ' [/caffijo-ro yap del iir^ avrij^ rayfia 'Pufiaiuv, Jos. BJ V. V. 8]) of provincial troops, Syrian Greeks, and Samaritans, whose command- ant would be a civis Romanus (Ac 22™), while they would be presented with tlie Imperial franchise on their discharge, was reinforced during the Pass- over by additional troops which were stationed in one of the Temple buildings (Mommsen, Prov. Bom. Emp., Eng. tr. ii. 186). The x'Xia/Jxos is also called <t)povpa.pxos by Josephus(.^«<. XV. xi. 4, XVIII. iv. 3) ; see Sehurer, HJP I. ii. 55. The legion consisting normally of 6000 men, the six tribuni took com- mand for two months in turn. Palestine, however, being a Roman province of the second rank, did not possess a full legionary garrison. Mommsen gives its strength, at a subsequent period, as con- sisting of a detachment (ala) of cavalry and five cohorts of infantry, or about 3000 men.
2. aTpaTriybs toO Upov, the commandant of the Temple Levites. Josephus mentions the ' captain ' {(TTpaT7]y6s) of the Levitical guard in the time of Claudius {Ant. XX. vi. 2), and in that of Trajan (BJ VI. V. 3). Possibly the officers (uTri/p^rai) who assisted in the arrest of Jesus (Jn 18^, cf. V-- *') belonged to this body. This 'captain' of the Temple (2 Mac 3* 6 TrpoaTAT-rr; toO !epoP) is mentioned in Jer 20' LXX as r)yoip.evos and in Neh If as airivavTi tov oikov tou BeoD, ' the ruler of the house of God' (Vulg. princcjj.f doinus Dci = nir\ in b"n Mishna, Middoth i. § 2). The duty of this ' captain of the mount of the Temple ' was to keej] order in the Temple, visit the stations of the guard during the night, and see that the sentries were duly posted and alert. He and his immediate subal- terns are supposed to be intended by the ' rulers ' (fipxo^Tes) mentioned in Ezr 9- and Neh. passim (arpaTriyol or ipxavn^). See Schiirer, HJP II. i. 258. The chief constable of this priestly corps of Temple police was naturally himself a Levite.