Throughout His ministry Jesus recognized the inevitable necessity of His Passion. He had come to die. Cf. Mt 015= Mlt 2211 = Lk6S5; Mtl621 = Mk 831 = Lit 932; Mtl722.23 = Mk 931 = Lk 9« : Mt 201S- i9=Mk 1033. 34 = Lk 1832. 33. As early as the close of the 2nd cent. Celsus stumbled at the idea that Jesus foreknew and foretold all that happened to Him (Orig. c. Cels. ii. 13).
A crucified Messiah was ' to Jews a stumbling-block and to Gentiles foolishness ' (1 Co 123) ; and the Apostles, eager to re- move * the stumbling-block of the Cross,' represented the Cruci- fixion as no ignominious catastrophe, but ' a link in a chain of higher knowledge, part of a Divine plan of salvation.' Keim, on the other hand, regards the announcement as ' the expression of a natural, reasonable, correct anticipation,' suggested by the fate of the Baptist and the difficulties wherewith Jesus was beset. The definite details, however, must be pruned away. In point of fact, the Lord's prescience of the end is inextricably interwoven with the Gospel history. The cross was His goal, and He knew it all along.
Literature. — In addition to the works quoted in the art. and the standard Lives of Christ, reference may be made to Fair- bairn, Studies in the Life of Christ, ' The Crucifixion ' ; Nesvman, Selected Sermons, pp. 176-188; Liddon, Bampton Lectfi p. 472ff. ; Farrar, Christ in Art, pp. 389-423; Dale, AtommentT,
p. «6£f. David Smith.
CRUSE.— The word occurs frequently in the OT (generally as rendering of Heb. nnss), where it means a 'small earthen bottle or jar' in common use among the Hebrews chiefly for holding liquids, such as water (1 S 26") or oil (1 K 17'-). ' Cruse' (marg. 'flask') is substituted by RV for 'box' of AV in Mt 26' (|| Mk 14', Lk 7") as the designation of the dXti^SaffTpos used by the woman who anointed our Lord. See Alabaster and Anointing.
DuGALD Clark.
CRY — The term 'cry' occurs in the NT with various shades of meaning corresponding to different Greek words, which express sometimes articulate, sometimes inarticulate utterances ; in some eases it connotes strong emotion, in others a more or less heightened emphasis is all that is expressed.
According to classical usage, the Gr. terms employed in the NT may be thus distinguished: ' xjx.xi,. denotes "to cry out" for a purpose, to call ; /3o£«, to cry out as a manifestation of feehng; xpi^u,, to crv out harshly, often of an inarticulate and brutish sound ' (Grimm-Thayer, s. i). jlciii). xpituyaivt is the intensive of xpotZ,itv. The corresponding nouns are 0o'-^, *a cry for help,' and xiia.uyi,, ' outcry, clamour ' (both rare in NT). To these should be added the use of fmriv = 'ia cry' (most freq.
In classifying the NT usage of the term, it will be convenient to group the instances in each case under the Greek equivalents.
* In the LXX version of Ps 9610 many codices add i.-ri ™5 iiUu after o K6„« i;S.nis„».!,. go Old Lat. and Copt, versions. Just. Mart., Tert., Aug.; cf. Venant. Fortunat. Uymn. dc Pass. Dom.: ' Impleta sunt quae concinit David fldeli carmine, Dicens : In nationibus . „, , . Regnavit a ligno Deus.'
t Chrysost. m Matth. Ivii.: rh J««, ?. iuM, ^>.r.pm, i. ■Upm-
ITUX^IJ.. T.i-Tl^T,,, Ti !r«e«;^i ri. o-™^^«. »i'™ ^i= i^iri XtL\li.
ji. «£,. Euth. Zi^ on Mt 173 : T„i il -.a, fi.^xm, cL i|.S« iAAi
?«{«« ypufeuri. Se|« yStp xaXdm xni i rrciupi!.
A. (1) 'To cry'or 'cry out' ( = Kpafcii', di/o/c/)dfeiv) : (<«) of articttlate cries, followed by words uttered (often with 'saying' or 'and said' added) : of joy, Mk 11« and il ; Mt 21 1= (chUdren crying in the temple, ' Hosanna') ; of complaint or distress, Mk 10** || Lk 1833, Mt, 2031 (Bartimaeus) ; Mt U^ (Peter crying out while walkin" on the water) ; * Mk 1=3 1| Lk 4® {apcK/ia^ei' ; Lk. adds ' with a loud voice ') ; Mk 9"* ; Lk 4''i (demons crying out and saying), cf. Mk 3" 5' ; of the angry cries of the multitude, Mt 27-^, Mk 1513- " t (cf. Ac 2136) ; in ref. to Jesus, of solemn and impressive utterance, Jn 7'' (cf. V^ 7-'* 12-").
(b) of inarticulate cries : withref. to the possessed, Mk 5= (cf. Lk 828 ayaKpa^as) ; Mk 9=« || Lk 9=" ; of the disciples, Mt 14-" ('and they cried out for fear') with ref. to Jesus, of the cry on the inarticulate), Mt 27^^" ('cried . . and yielded up his spirit'). J
(2) ' To cry^ or ' cry out ' ( = Kpavyi^civ) :
(a) of articulate utterances [cf. (1) (a)]: oi joy, Jn 121^ (' Ho.sanna') ; of distress, Mt IS-'' (Canaan- itish woman . . . ' cried, saying ' : cf. v.^) ; u-ith ref. to Jesus, of utterance under strong emotion, Jn U''^ (' Lazarus, come forth !').
(6) of undefined or inarticulate utterance : in the quotation from Is 42=, cited in Mt 12'" ('He shall not strive nor cry' [K/jairydtrei], i.e. indulge in clamorous self-assertion).
(c) ' Cry ' = Kpavy-q : ' the loud cry of deeply stiiTed feeling of joyful surprise': Lk 1''= (Elisabeth's greeting of the Virgin-mother : ' she lifted up her voice with a loud cry) ; the midnight cry, Mt 25*^ (' Behold the bridegroom coraetli ').