LrrEBATURB.— Gore, BL 196 IT.; Gould, ' St Mark,' and Hum- mer, ' St. Luke,' in Internal. Crit. Com. in he. ; Expos. TH7nex, m. [1892J 292 ff., viii. (1897) 365 ff.; Sxpositur, v. iii. [1896] 445 ff.
John R. Sampey. DAT. — 1. Literal. — The length of the 'day' among the ancients was reckoned in varioiLS ways : thus, from morning to morning (Babylonians), from sunset to sunset (Athenians), from noon to noon (L'mbrians), from midnight to midnight (Egyptians), ami from dawn to dark by the coni- nioii people, ordinarily (see Plin. HN ii. 79). The early Israelites seem to liave regarded the morning
DAY
as the beginning of the day (cf. On P- ™-), but they likewise (due to the influence of the new moon) reckoned it from 'even unto even' (Lv 23'-). In Lk 22" also the new day beg.an after sunset (cf. 4-"'). In the NT viftpa was employed to cxiiress: (1) the period of light in opposition to iiii/ht (Lk 6'^ 'and when it was day,' — a frequent l.lira-.' in St. Luke's writings, cf. 4-" 2'2««, Ac 12>« 1.- _:;- _■: ■ ', also ,Jn 9\ 2 Co 11=); (2) the ;!M luiliiii; theperiodsbothof lightand ,1 : . !^ ^^ ,Mi Js' tTn^wo-zcow.,, cf. Lk 22*'); (3) OH ;,.,':ji„,f.: j.oiui/ of time (Lk V-^ iv to?5 V^pa.j TaiTois, ' in those days ' ; St. Luke is fond of this expression, it is not found in Jn. , and occurs but four times in Mt. and the same number of times in Mk. ; cf. Lk 2^ 4=, Ac 2i8 3=^ 7" etc., also Mt 2' 3', Mk P 8' 13"- "-* in true Hebraistic style).
Except the Sabbath, the days of the week were t) umbered by the Israelites, not named. Nor had the Hebrews any precise subdivision of the day, for they had no word for ' hovir ' ; even the Aramaic .i^y^, which occurs in Dn 4'« 5^, has no exact connota- tion. Like the Greeks, they seem to have learned from the Babylonians how to divide the day into 12 hoius, — a di^-ision first met with in the NT : 'Are there not twelve hours in the day?' (Jn IP, cf . Ac 2>% Mt 20^-6 27'"- *^ etc. ). The length of the hour, however, was for a long time a variable quantity, depending, as it did, upon the season of the year, for it was always reckoned as the twelfth part of the light period. It therefore ranged from forty-nine to seventy-one minutes, according to the calendar. The more common divisions of the d,ay among the Hebrews were morning, noon- day, and evening (Ps 55") ; but they freqtientlv spoke of 'sunrise' and 'dawn' (Mk 16-, Jn 20', Rev 221"), 'the heat of the day' (Mt 20'=), 'noon' (Gn 43'«, Dt 2S=«), 'the cool of the day' (Gn 3«), and 'between the two evenings,' i.e. towards even- ing (Ex 12° 16'=, cf. Ac 3' lO^-*"). The time of incense, and of cock-crowing (wh. see) was in the morning (Mk 14»'-'^, Lk l'") ; the time of the ' meal-offering ' was in the middle of the afternoon (1 K IS^***); while 'the time that women go out to draw Avater' was towards evening (Gn 24").
2. Figurative. — Figurative and metaphorical uses of the word ' day ' are also frequent in the NT :
day
e.g. the day of Christ's appearance, i.e. of H apocalypse, or self-revelation (Lk 17** ' in the da that the Son of Man is revealed,' dTroKoXiVreTat, technical expression : cf. Lk \r-\ Jn 8*= 14=" 16-='-=", Ro 13'=, 1 Co r- 8, 2 Til V. 1 P V- '3 4") ; ' the day of his Paronsi'- ' (Mt 7-- •-!4=«, Mk 135= 14:2^ LJ^ 2I", 2 Th 1'", 2 Ti l'». He 10^) ; the days of His death and departure (Lk 5^ iXevnovrai Si ijiiipai, ' But the days will come,' i.e. days very different from the joyous days of wedding festivity) ; the L,a.st, or Judgment day (Jn 6^ IP'' 12«, Mt 11=, 1 Jn 4", 1 Th 5=, 2 Ti 3', Ja 5', and by contrast 1 Co 4^ ijirb ai/epuirlyi)S nfUpas, which describes human judgment as opposed to Christ's day of final account, i]n^pa. ToD Kvptov) ; His day of the ofler of salvation (2 Co 6=, Jn 9* IP); 'the day of Christ' (Ph 1'"); 'the day of the Lord ' (2 Th 2=, Ro 2'«, 2 Co 1'*, Rev 6") ; ' the day of God ' (2 P 3'=) ; ' the Lord's day,' ii KvpinKT] Ttpiipa. (Rev 1'") ; the day of the gift of the Spirit (Jn 14=") ; the day of completed salvation (Ro 13'=); 'the evil day,' of trial and temptation (Eph 6") ; ' as children of the day,' i.e. as sons who abstain from doing evil (1 Th 5'- «, Ro 13'^) ; a day of fuller knowledge (2 P 1"); and, lastly, the somewhat enigmatical passage, ' Give us this dav (ariticpov) our daily (rbv iwiomiov) bread' (Mt 6", Lk 1 P) ; the latter expression (see art. Lord's Peayer) is not found in classical Greek, and seems to have
coming day's'; the Vulg.ate has suj'ersubstantialch
DAY OF ATONEMENT
DAY OF ATONEMENT
419
(cf. Amer. RVra). See, further, artt. DAY OF Christ, Day (That), Day of Judgment.