.[
not l,f
i:i). .\
s sit u
>untry of the toti-nvh Autiiia- a party called tlio I loioili.ins embers of a jiartA' « liirli wi^lir.l 1071 the throne ot'ln- killirriuay have been in Galilee ;is wrll :is in .1. i n-alcia ; for their ideal was a nnlion.Ll one, .liHn iii_^ from the ideal of the Zealots h^ roy;ili-i fiom .l.i,i,,i-r,itie. Their union witli tli'' -tinn- l'h:tii'-.ii.' |.;iity. .-iiid their attenii.t to cnir;!]! .l,-.u- wiili tho .|Uo-tion about tribute to ( ',r-,ir. Innl o\|,1;im:iI ion not in :ui\- sympathy witli tlie I'lnni-.'e^ oi londiii'^^ for the traditions whicli .Jesus' activity im[ierilled, but in their readiness to oppose and suppress any Messianic agitation of the people.
Other views attach some religious signilicance to the party, connect them with the Boithusians or with the court of Antipas as members of the Herodian family, officers or servants, and attribute to them a friendly or hostile attitude towards the Roman sovereignty (cf. Tert. ml Onin. H(er. i. ; Epiph. Hcer. xx. ; Stepli. Thcsawr. s.v. ; Ewald, ///v. 409 f. ; Renan, Vic dc .Tcsiis, 2'26 ; Edersheim, Life and Times, i. 237 ff., ii. 384 ; Bleek, Syn. ii. 327 ; Zahn, Matth. 528, n. 44, 632, n. 45).
Literature. — Keim in Scben\ieYs Bibel-lexikon, iii. 65 ft.; n. F. Westcott in Smith's D£2, ii. 1054 f. ; Sieftert in PREi, vii. 789 ; T. K. Che.vne in Encyc. Bibl. it. '2043 ; D. Eaton in Hastings' DB ii. 362 ; K. Kohler, Jewish Encyc. vi. 360 ; J. D. Davis,
VB 293. W. P. Armstrong.
HERODIAS fHpvS'ti!)- — Herodias was the daughter of .4ristobnlus (son of Hero<l the Great and Mariamne the Hasmoniean) and Bernice (daughter of Salome, Herod's sister, and Costobar), and thus the full sister of Herod, king of Chalcis,
and Agrippa I. (Ant. XVIII. v. 4). She married first her half-uncle Herod, son of Herod the Great and Mariamne, the high priest's daughter. In Mk 6" and Mt 14' the first husband of Herodias is called Philip, the brother of Herod (Antipas). This Philip, therefore, most probably bore aI>o the name 'Herod' (as did also his brothers .Anhelaus and Antipas), and is to be distinguished from Philip the tetrareh (Lk .31 ; cf. Mt 16", Mk 8-"), who married Salome, the daughter of Herod Philip and Herodias (Ant. XVIII. v. 4). In Mk 6" the
TTou has tlie support of SBCL, etc. , but is omitted in Dace tf g' k vg. In Lk 3i» <S>iXi7r7rou is inserted by ACK, etc., cop syr"''- arm'^"''' aeth, but omitted bj^ XBDL, etc. The reading thus appears to be original in Mk., probably original in Mt., and derivative in Luke. The statement (Encyc. Bibl. ii. 2032), ' In spite of Mk 6" we cannot liold that he ever really bore the name Philip,' as well as the remark of Scliiiier= (i. 435, n. 19), 'Since, according to Josephus, not the tetrareh but the above-named Herod was the first husband of Herodias, the statement of Mark and Matthew- is evidently a mistake' (</// 1 iifxr/iiri/cncs Vcr- .■ichen) are too positive. 'I'liev do not rest on anymore siihslantial evi.lrino than the fact that .inso|ilins calls llii-isoiiof llc'io.l the Great simply ll,no,l. '['lie arunnienl that two .sons of Herod
^^onl.l iiof \,:nr koine the >; j name Philip is
weakened l,y the farl i hat e\ ,ai acianding to Jose- |ihiis two sons of Ill-rod liore tin' -nine name — llero.l.sonof Mariainnr, the hi-jli pi n-si 's ,hiughter, and Herod, son of Cleoiiatia i.t.i/. \\ II. i. 3, XVIII. v. 4). Herod Pliilij. Iia.l ln-ri, ,lr-i::nated in the fir.st will of Herod the (.i.-at a- the alternate of Antipas in succe.ssion to the ihiono (.1 ,,/. xvil. iii. 2; /;./ 1. xxix. 2). lint was sulise.jiient l.\ omitted be- raiise of his mother's connexion witli the plot of .\nti]iater {.\iif. XVII. iv. 2; BJ I. xxx. 7). He ■ iiioH'il ill ]oivate life in Rome, where Antipas,
riiis
.aiiihitious and un.scrupi uill, tho .l,.«i,faIlof .
.,ll.aisn.Mo|lie.l.-u,-, liiMaii-.'lierliiishaM.l.towlioiii slie had lionie a .liild, Nvas .slill alue tcf. Lv 1S'\ Dt 25^ ; al.so.l^/. .xvil. xiii. 1). John the Baptist rebuked Antipas for his action, and paid the penalty with his life for rousing the anger of an nscrupulous woman. Her connexion ipas has been mentioned (it. art. Il]:iaii) under 'Antipas'). In the last reeordi'il imiilent of her life, when Herodias volun- tarily follow III .\iiti]ias into exile and haughtily refused the l'.iii|ieioi'~Iionnty, she displayed, likelier grandmothri Maiianiiie when unjustly sentenced to deatli, the |iroud fortitude and fine dignity of the old Hasmona'an house now brought so low- through its union with the Herods (Ant. xvill. vii. 2 ; cf. XV. ix. 5).
Literature. -.Schiirer, E. ,S. FfoiUkes in Smitt vii. 769f. ; Woodhouse Hastings' DB ii. 360 ; I J. D. Davis, J3B '293 f.
Eneyc. Bibl. ii. '2033; He.idlam tirovdc in Jeifiik Encyc. \\. 3«l)l
W. p. xVe.m.stroxg.
HEZEKIAH.— One of the kings of Judah, men- tioned in Mt.'s (P"') genealogy of our Lord.
HEZRON.— A Judahite ancestor of Jesus (iMt P, Lk 3==).
HIGH PRIEST.-The terms 'high priest' and 'chief priest' in the NT represent the same original (apxitpivs), varied in translation to corre- spond with the uses of the term as explained below. The office of high priest in the Jewish
724
HIGH PRIEST
HIGHWAY
nation can be traced Ivuk U< the early years of post-exilic times. 'Plie priestly writings then adopted as authoritain' .i-~i;.;ii its origin to the time of Moses, but thr rarliiT ^litings contain no suggestion of the exi-teiue of the (itiice, and cul- tural conditions before tlie Exile preclude an early date for its establishment. Immediately after the Return the office was a religious one, the secular power being in the hands of the ' prince ' ; for, great as wa-s the emphasis in the new community upon law and ceremony, there seems to have been an equal emphasis upon the hoped for restoration of the State to a dignified and independent posi- tion. It very soon became evident that this hope was impossible of fulfilment, and the secular func- tions, so far as they were exercised by the Jews, were merged in the duties of the high priest. At first the position was for life and hereditary. In practice the principle was often violated, the viola- tions being occasioned not so much by deliberate purpose as by the turmoils of Greek and Roman times. Moreover, internal conditions in the Jewish comnuinity were of themselves sufficient to have unsettled "the principle. At the time of the Has- nionipan uprising, the assumption of high priestly functions and title by this famUy was essential to the success of the revolt. Under the Roman su- premacj', the fortunes of the political parties in Jlome added to the tendencies that made for the disappearance of the last vestige of permanence in the high priestly office, and at the time of Christ we find it entirely at the will of Rome, both as to appointment and tenure. Under these conditions there had grown up a caste of high priestly families, descended from high priests and otherwise connected -Nvitli them ; these formed a high aristo- cracy in Judaism, which was j^ossessed of consider- able authority, however difficult it may be to define the limits and extent of that influence. Very naturally the selection of the high priest was made from these families. The numerous refer- ences in the Gospels are ordinarily to this high priestly class, and when the Greek is so used it is translated ' chief priests ' (see art. Chief Priests).