perhaps wh and Mariamne probablj' a little more to tlie east
spot, perhaps where the Jaffa Gate now stands.
on higher ground. The three are all described being 'on the north side of the wall,' and from a distance they all appeared to be of the same height. The N.W. corner of the city, where they stood, was one w'ithout much natural defence, and they bore the same important relation to the King's Palace as the other fortress, the Antonia, did to the Temple.
Of the other great architectural works of the period we have but scanty description and still scantier remains, with the exception, of course, of the Temple, for which see art. Temple.
Herod's great palace, built on the site of the palace of the Hasmonoeans {Ant. XX. viii. 11), evi- dently adjoined tlie before-mentioned towers on the south, and occupied an area of land now covered by the English church and schools and the Armenian quarter, probably extending also to the Patriarch's house ,Tiid canlen^— tlie croater part, indeed, of theai.a l„.i.,i,.,„ f|,,. ,„r-,iit David Street (along theliii.-..! whirl, thr lii^t «allran) to the N. and the nio'lcni city w;ills a< t:ir cast as the Zion Gate to the .south. It is quite possible that the present course of the southern wall was determined by the remains of the S. wall of this palace. From tlie walls an extensive view could be seen, and at a later time Agrippa II. gave great offence when he
added a lofty dining-room from which he could watch all the doings in the Temple. To frustrate this, the Jews raised a wall upon the ' uppermost building which belonged to the inner court of the Temple towards the west.' This gave annoyance not only to Agrippa but also to Festus, who ordered it to be removed. On appeal, however, Nero gave his verdict in favour of the Jews. Tlie palace had walls, in parts over 50 feet high, with many towers, and was internally fitted with great luxury. Around it were numerous porticos, with 'curious pillars' buried among groves of trees, and gardens well irrigated and ' filled with brazen statues through which the water ran out.'
Between the palace grounds and the Temple lay the Xystus, a gymnasium surrounded with columns, for Greek games. Connecting the W. wall of the Temple with the W. liill and the ' Upper City,' was a bridge which had been broken down when Pompey (Ant. xiv. iv. i;BJl. vii. 2) besieged the Temple in B.C. 65, but had been repaired. The projecting arch of this bridge was first recognized by Kobinson, and the PEF excavations not only uncovered the central pier, but beneath the early Koman pavement found an old voussoir of the earlier bridge of Pompey's time, which had fallen through into an ancient drain below the street. No remains of this bridge have, however, so far been recovered further to the west.
The hippodrome apparently lay somewhat to the south, on the borders, perhaps, of the Tyropceon
Valley near the present Dung Gate ; this was very probably the ' place of exercise ' of 2 Mac 4'^ (cf. 1 Mac 1'"), and the description 'under the very
castle' would well suit this place if Akra was where it is here proposed to locate it. Of the position of Herod's theatre nothing at all is known. Next to the Temple, perhaps the most famous building in Jerusalem was Antonia, the great fortress of the Temple, and the acropolis of the city, which from its lofty height is clescribed by Tacitus (Hist. v. 11) as pre-eminently conspicuous. It had received the name Antonia from Herod after Mark Antony, but it had in Hasmona\'in times been known as Baris. Nehemiah (2* RV) mentions a castle (birah) as being here — to the north of the Temple: this the high priest Hyrcanus (BJl. vi. 1) made his headquarters. It is interest- ing that at least a portion of the site with so great a reputation as a military stronghold should even to-day be ocmpi.d by troops — the Turkish garri- son. A gri:it r.irk scirp on which part of the ancient fort ir-~ ^tniid i^ still clearly visible from the Haraiii, xmA in the moat cut to protect its northern aspect lie the ' Twin Pools.' The fortress lay at the N.W. comer of the Temple enclosure, and is described by Josephus as being built on a rock o\ev 87 feet high, ' on a great precipice ' ; the rock was covered with smooth stones, and upon the rocky platform was a building 70 feet liigli fitted up with great magnificence. At the four comers were towers 87 feet high, except that at the S.E. corner, which was over 120 feet high ; from it the whole Temple was overlooked, but a consider- able space separated it from the Temjile itself (BJ VI. ii. 5-7). At the AV. comer there were passages into the W. and the N. cloisters by which the Temple guards could obtain access to the Temple. The Western boundary was probably on the line of the present W. wall of the Haram, and the moat (BJ V. iv. 2) to the N. appears to have been demonstrated, but the S. and E. boundaries are unknown. The total area must have been large, as it held a whole Roman legion, and it is clear from history that it was a powerful foj tress. Even before its extension by Herod, Antigonus could not capture it until after the city and the Temple had been taken by storm, and in A.D. 70 the