After the condemnation came the procession to Golgotha. The traditional route of this, known as the Via Dolorosa, has been selected on very slender grounds ; indeed, all the ' stations of the cross ' on the way have varied greatly from time to time. Even the first station, the site of the PrKtorium, has been placed in m.uiy juu 1 ^ of the city. In the 4th cent, it was nr.u- th.' i-iv^rnt liab d-KaUanin, two centuries lat IT ii ^^,■i^ uluIvimI by the basilica of St. Sophia. Duiiiiu' Um' I'rusading period it was placed first on the NV. hill, under the idea that Pilate's house must have been near the Royal Palace, as several good modern authorities think it was ; but at a later period it was transferred to the present Turkish barracks, indisputalily on some part of the site of Antonia, as the mme iirol.al.Ir. The starting-point of the Via Doloios.i, hcin- so arbitrarily fixed, it necessarily follu^Ns that the
various 'stations of the cross' are the flimsiest traditions. The second station — where the cross was laid on Jesus — is below the steps descending from the barracks. Near this is the well-known Ecce Homo arch — a construction of the 2nd cent. ; and inside the adjoining institution of the Sisters of Zion is shown a large sheet of pavement belong- ing to the Roman period (and identified by the Latin authorities as the Gabbatha of Jn 19"), which may quite possibly have been in position at the time of the Crucifixion : part of its surface belongs to a street. The third station is shown where the street from the barracks — Tarik bub Sitii il/j;-ia?n— joins the carriage road from the Damascus Gate, running along the ancient Tyropccon Valley ; the spot is marked by a broken, prostrate column. Here Jesus sank under the weight of the cross. A few yards farther down the carriage road, the fourth station — where Jesus met His mother — lies on the right. At the next turning to the right is the ffth station, where Simon of Cyrene took the cross from Jesus ; and if we ascend this street by a series of steps, the sixth station — the scene of the incident of St. Veronica's handkerchief — is found, near where the road becomes arched over. When the Via Dolorosa crosses the central street of the city, &uk es-Scmany, the procession is supposed to have left the city walls. This is the seventh station. The eighth station, where Jesus admon- ished the women not to weep for Him but for themselves (Lk 23-''- '-^), lies up the ascent towards the Church of the Sepulchre; and the ninth station, where Jesus is said to ha\'e fallen a second time under the weight of the cross, is in front of the Coptic monastery. The remaining five stations are included in the Church of the Sepulchre, for which see art. Golgotha.
The last mention of Jerusalem in the Gospels is in the injunction to the disciples to begin preaching the gospel there (Lk 24"). The full force of this, and the necessity for their being specially com- manded, is fully realized only when it is seen what a unique position Jerusalem held in the mind of Jesus, as was recognized by His regular attend- ance at the Temple services and the periodical feasts ; how (ieep was His pity for its close ajj- proaching doom ; how bitter had been the hostility to His teaching and His claims ; and, lastly, how extraordinarily important was Jerusalem at that time as a meeting - place of many intensely held religious ideals.
Literature.— This is enormous, and to attempt an exhaustive analysis would here be out of place. The authorities mentioned below are only some of those of which the writer has himself made use, and in the ^reat majority of instances the references are only to modern writers. —
The Bible, the Apocrypha, the works of Josephus, and the EUtortj of Tacitus ; the volume ' Jerusalem ' in the Memoirs of the PEF(li,ii); Rev. W. F. Birch in PEFSt ; Bliss and Dickie, Excavations m Jerusalem (lb94-lS'J7) ; Hr. T. Clupliii on the Climate of Jerusalem m P£J''i(, 1883 ; Cniiil.i, ut 'J.iusilem'
Hastings' 2>i3, and many other woilis it ( ] i] is, i I iishtr.
' .Meteorological observ phlet; Richard Gottheil, art. pcdia (1904); Re\. E. Han.iu various papers in the FEF^ TUus (1863); Prof. Mitchell,
le Walls of JeiUh.^lem in JBZ/(1903); Porter in Murray's Giade Jliiol,^; RohMibon's BItP (1858) ; Sanday, Sacred Sites of the Go!,peli, (19Ui) ; .Si luck, ' Die Wasserversorgung der Stadt Jerusalem' m iIil /HI r (IS78), and many papers in the Pr/ ^t .iml . ' 11 \ilani
Smith, artt. -Jerusalem' \n J-ii i I I ' , I'HIS
andl905; W. R. Smith, pait 111 111 1 i I, flit.;
1.. \V. G. Mastkrman. ciOOB. — The father of king David, named in ur Lord's genealogy (Mt P'-, Lk y"-).
JESUS (the name). — It is strange that even this
8R0
JESUR
JESUS
naiiie has not yet been explained with certainty. 'IjjcroCs (sen., dat., voc. 'IijiroD ; ace. 'li^covi', Mt 1' 8^*, Mk 1", Mt P' [on 'Ijjo-oi as gen. and dat. see Winer-Sehmiedel, § 10, note 6]) is the Greek form of the Hebrew ipa; or H^in:. Aquila has for tlie latter (Dt 1^) 'Irjo-oua ; in some passages 'IijcroDe is found (1 Ch 7=^ 2Es 2«- *) ; see Kedpath's Concord-