464
QUOTATIO^sS
QUOTATIONS
governor in charge of the military operations in the same region, with the title of legatus, or more .specifically of dux. Inasmucli as the Greek equivalent in the case of either civil or military governor is 7jy€/j.uiv, St. Luke would be justified in saying, as he does, that the first enrolment was made ' when Quirinius was acting as governor ' {7)y£/j.ovevovTos KvpTjviov).* Those nearer tiie Evan- gelist's own day, for whom he was specially writ- ing, and who were better acquainted with tlie secular history of the time than readers nowadays, would find the date he thus gives even more exact than if he had mentioned either Saturninus or Varus ; for, as has been shown in art. CENSUS, the enrolment was determined during the rule of the former, but, so far as Palestine was concerned, probably carried out during the rule of the latter. The likelihood of there being two siumltaneous governors, one for military the other for civil affairs, in the same province, is supported by parallel instances adduced by Ramsay (op. cit. 238 ff. ).
Another theory in explanation of the passage about Quirinius is that he was neither civil nor military governor, but merely one of tlie commis- sioners appointed to take the enrolment through- out the whole Roman world, the district for which he was responsible being Syria. Palestine, though not at this period actually a Roman province, was under the Roman suzerainty, and from its prox- imity it would be included under Syria. St. Luke, having no better word for the enrolment commis- sioner, might use riye/xoivevwu [ijy. ttjs (TK€\l/ews ' taking lead in the inquiry,' Plat. Prot. 351 E]. Tertullian {adv. Marc. iv. 19) states that the census at tlie time of Christ's birth was taken by Saturninus, not Quirinius, and thus seems to correct the nar- rative ; but that must be merely because he knew that the enrolment had been decided upon during the civil governorship of Saturninus : he cannot have meant that it was actually accomplished then ; for that would be utterly inconsistent with the date he elsewhere (adv. Jud. 8) gives for the nativity, B.C. 3.
Literature.— Lives of Christ; Commentaries on St. Luke; Bib. Dictt. of Smith, Kitto, and Hastings, and works by Zumpt and Ramsay mentioned in article. Schiirer's latest exjjression of opinion (GJV''> i. 508 flf.) is strong-ly adverse to the accuracy of St. Luke as well as to Professor Ramsay's theory.
Arthur Pollok Sym. QUOTATIONS.— 1. Use of the OT in the Gos- pels.— In general it is agreed that a quotation is the intentional reproduction of some thought or fact already expressed in language by the use of the very words previously employed. This is an exact quotation. A free quotation is one which fails to reproduce the self-same words, because, either through defect of memory or lack of care, the person making it employed language varying more or less widely from that of his source, or he may have intended merely to give the substance of the original. Ordinarily an unintentional use of the same thought or of identical words is not to be regarded as a quotation. The intention is essen- tial, to constitute a quotation either exact or free. The quotations in the Gospels may be classed as follows :
(a ) Quotations which conform to both the Hebrew and the Greek of the OT : (a) by Jesus, Mt 15^" (Mk V'') 15"'' (Mk 7^"") 195 (Mk lO^- ») 1918. wa.wb 2113a (Mk Il"% Lk 19''«'') 2239 (Mk 123'), Mk 1236 (Lk 20^2.43)^ jn 103J; (|3) by others, Mt 5=i-2V- 38.43 21« (Mk IP, Lk 193«, Jn 12'3), Lk 10"; (7) by the Evangelist, Jn 19'''*.
(b) Quotations conforming to the Hebrew alone: by Jesus, Mt 9^3 12^ 21*« (Mk 153"), Lk 22-" 23"«.
* Plut. Camill. 23 uses zyifzovix. for the division of an army under an officer.
(c) Quotations conforming to the Greek alone : (a) by Jesus, Mt 4' (Lk 4'2) I3i''- 1^ 19" (Mk IQS) 2116. 42 (Mk 12"'- ", Lk 20") ; (j3) by the Evangelist, Jn 1238.
(d) Free quotations varying from both Hebrew and Greek: (a) by Jesus, Mt 4" (Lk 4") 410 (Lk 4^) 415. 16 niu (Li^ 72-) i8i« 223^ (Mk 12^«, Lk 203") 2237 (Mk 12-9- 3") 22"" 2631 (Mk 14^'), Mk 412 lO^s (Lk 182"), Jn 635 1318 1525 . (^) i^y others, Mt 2^ 4^ (Lk 410- "), Mk 1232- 33^ Lk 10'-', Jn 2" ; (7) by the Evangelist, Mt 218 215 (Jn 1215) 2V- 1», Mk P, Lk 223- 24, jn 12"'>
ig36. 37_
(e) Free quotations varying less from the Hebrew than from the Greek : by the Evangelist, Mt 8i^ 1218-21.
(/) Free quotations varying less from the Greek than from the Hebreio : by Jesus, Mt 158- "^ (Mk 76. 7) 2415 (Mk I31"), Lk 418- 19 810.
The variations in exactness of quotation and in the standard to which they conform are interest- ing. The importance of the variations is open to question. Few of them are noticeable. Yet more, if the teaching of Jesus had been confined to a few days or weeks, if He had spoken about the topics recorded in the Gospels but once or twice, and if there were evidence that He was particular about the exact phrasing of His teachings, the question might be of more importance. We remember, however, that Jesus lived three years with dis- ciples, teaching them and speaking on a great variety of occasions ; and these facts were incon- sistent with a stereotyped mode of utterance. Moreover, the record of His deeds and teachings is brief at best. The Gospels give from one-fifth to one-third of their scanty space to a period of one week, and but slight, though vivid, glimpses of occasional scenes during the remaining three years. He must have spoken many times on the same subjects, and have uttered the same thoughts in many modes of expression. One who insisted, as He did, upon the supremacy of the spirit over the form would scarcely have permitted Himself to be bound by a strict conformity to the letter, while appealing to the OT for the authority of the truths which He taught. This fact makes it seem strange that the collection of His teachings is not much larger and the variety of His expressions much greater. Under the influence of such a Teacher it is not likely that the disciples were over anxious to conform with exactness to the text of theOT.