(j) Such a passage as Lk 8'" cited above comi)els the recognition of passages which may have inten- tionally used the OT thought or language, yet do VOL. II. — 30
not give conclusive evidence that they were so iised. Its use may have been due to literary and uncon- scious influence. In any case there is such co- incidence in thought and phraseology that an intimate connexion is shown l)etween the thought of the Gospels and that of the OT. For example, ^\ hen we read in He 122" ^^^^^ .^^p ^ g^^^ t|(x(ov irvp KaravaXio-Kov, and learn that the last two words are found together in the LXX only in Dt 42-' and 93, we think it likely that the writer either inten- tionally used the phrase, with a thought of the passages in Dt., or that he was so familiar with Dt. that unintentionally and unconsciously he used its words and phrases. Thus also may we connect ol wevdovvTes of Mt 5'* -with Q-hia or tov% ireudovvras of Is 6I2. When we remember the fact that the mind of Jesus was saturated witli the Book of Isaiah, we can easily be convinced that there is a literary connexion between the utter- ance of Jesus and the OT passage. The following passages show a similar connexion : Mt 55- 8.
3-1. 3.5 77. 8 (Lk 119- 10) 723 (Lk 1327) 102Sb 115 (Lk 722) 1123 (Lk lO'S) 1237 1316 151-1 i(i27b 1917 (Lk 1028) 1926 (Mk 1027, Lk 1827, Mk 1436) 20^8 (Mk 10-15) 2111- 12 (Mk 1115, Lk 1945, Jn 216) 2312 (Lk I41I 181-1) 2337 (Lk 133-1) 2338 (Lk 1335a) 242 (Mk 132, Lk 216) 24^1 (Mk 13l«) 24-'9 (Mk 1324. a, Lk 2125. 26ii) 2430b 2532 26" (Mk 14', .hi 128) 27-46 (Mk 1534) 283, Lk 132- 33. B9 621 14810 1615b 2330, Jn 114. 34 3-21 724 939 128a 141.-). 2L 24.
(k) Prolonged examination brings to recognition a class of passages in which, withotit marked literary relation, or intentional use of the OT, there is yet a genetic relation between the OT and the NT. Jesus had the Spirit without measure, and was an authoritative interpreter of the OT. He had so absorbed the OT that its ideals were His common- places of thought, and the scattered suggestions of truth in the OT were api^rehended by Him in their full or explicit meaning. Imperfect or fragment- ary suggestions became positive principles. In dealing with divorce He went to the fundamental conception of marriage (Mt 13' = Mk lO''- ^). In deal- ing with the Sabbath, He said that the Sabbath was made for man, and not man for the Sabbath (Mk 22''). This is a universal statement which is suggested in Ex 23'2 and Dt 5". Again Jn 43' ' For herein is the saying true, One soweth and another reapeth ' may be a current proverb, or it may be derived in thought from Job 3P, Mic 6'^ What- ever be true about that passage, there can be little doubt that the words of Jesus given in Mt b'^* ' Love your enemies, and pray for them that per- secute you,' is the exiilicit statement of an ideal of conduct that finds suggestion in Job SP" and several other OT passages.
The following is a list of similar passages : Mt 53- « (Lk ()2ia)
57.9. H (Lk 622) 514. 18a (Lk 1617) 5-'8- 30 188 (Mk 9-13) 542a (Lk ffW^ 54,i. 44a (Lk 627) 544b. 48 66. 9. 11. 14. 15. 19. 24. 25. 26 (Lk 1224) 76. 21b (Jn 1317) 106 1524 (Lk 156 1910, Mt 1812) lOlOb. 19. 37. 28 (Jn 627 737b) 1929b (Mk 1030, Lk 1830) 1041 1229 (Mk 327, Lk 1121.22) 1232b 1339.40.41.43.44.45.46 1513 1626 (Mk 837, Lk 925) 1815 (Lk 173) 2133
(Mk 121, Lk 209) 2144 (Lk 2018) 24l«-l8 (Jlk 1314-16, Lk 2121- 22) 2435
(Mk 1331, Lk 2133 1617) 2535. 36. 40. 45. 42. 46 2628 (Mk 1424, Lk 2220) 2652c 276 2818- 20, Mk 22- 27 948, Lk 628. 34. 35. 36 1247. 48 136. 7 14l3 1518.19.21 1615c 198.42 2124.23.26 2219 31 2334a, Jn 16.11.18 537b 646 2'6 35 (Kzk 3625-27 1119?) 422b. 37 5I7. 21. 22. 27. 29. .■i9b. 44 737b. 38. 39a. 42 811 92. 31. 41 103. 1016 1334 151-.'. 17 1423 151. 14. 15 197 2031.
These lists of passages under {j) and (k) are by no means exhaustive. Dittniar (Ictus Test, in Novo) gives many more passages tiian have been enumer- ated, and Hiihn (Die alttest. Citatc und lieminis- cenzen im NT) gives a far greater number. It is not always easy to discriminate to one's own satis- faction between classes (/) and (k). We must follow the more pronounced character of the pass- age as it appears to us at the moment of investi- gation. The border-line between a real literary reminiscence and an accidental coincidence is also ditticult to determine. Not only would it be possible to increase tlie lists (j) and (/.•), but at least two otiier classes could be made out. One such class (/) would consist of expressions which belong
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QUOTATIONS
QUOTATIONS
to the life of the land, or the common utterances of the people of the land, such as Mt 9^^ ' as sheep not having a shepherd.' These have no real signifi- cance, literary or otherwise. Again, there is another class of expressions {m) in which imagery similar to that of the OT is found. ' Wise as ser- pents ' (Mt 10'^) is possibly a comparison suggested by Gn 3^, or it may have been current rhetoric. Or, again, the image of sifting (Lk 22^^) may have been a current phrase, or it may possibly have had a suggestion from Am 9^.