The passages cited give evidence of intentional use of the OT. Usually they are introduced by .some formula of citation such as 'it is written,' ' the Scripture saith,' and the like. There are about fifty different variants in the mode of intro- ducing explicit quotations found in the Gospels.
Some of the passages given above have no formula of introduction, but the context of the passage shows conscious and intentional use of OT material. It is also to be noticed that the Gospels vary in their representation of the same passage or fact. E.g. the Evangeli.st in Jn 192"- 28 connects the events with a passage in the OT ; the parallel narratives in the Synoptics mention these facts without connecting them in any way with the OT, so that at the utmost, so far as these Gospels are concerned, the passage is, so to say, an accidental parallel having no proper classification Avith quota- tions. It cannot be regarded as in the slightest degree an instance of use of the OT by these Evangelists. This is equally true of all events narrated in the Gospels which are not explicitly connected with OT passages, no matter how strik- ing the coincidence ; e.g. Is 50® might well have been referred to in the narratives in Mt 26^^ 272®, Mk 14^5, Lk 2263- ^\ Jn I822, and so also might Ps 228. 16^ yy^^ neither of these notable OT passages
QUOTATION' 8
QU0TAT1UA«
465
was so used. Again, while Mt 13''*- " is unques- tionalily a quotation, the same tliouglit expressed in the i)aiallel passage, Mk 4'-, has no fornuihi of (|Uotatic)n, and has such tianspositions and omis- sions tliat if we did not know of the passages in Isaiah and Mt. , we might well doubt if it were a rt-al quotation. As it is, we think it was inten- tionally derived from Isaiah. Furtiier, JA 8'" is parallel with the passages just cited from Mt. and jNlk. ; it has a sentence from Is 6", notliing from %-."^, and is much more brief tiian Mark. If the l)arallel passages in Mt. and Mk. were unknown, even though we were fully acquainted with Is e**-'", we should think that tiie use of the OT thought and phraseology was due to familiarity with the language rather than to .an intention to quote from it. As it is, we have little doubt tiiat the writers had in mind to report the same utter- ances of Jesus, and that the report is more incom- plete in one case than in the other. Yet it is quite possible that ditt'erent discourses of Jesus are reported. These instances, the words recorded in Jn 9^8 as uttered by Jesus, and those of the Evangelist in Jn 12'"*, lead us to think the passage in Is 6"- "* pointed many an utterance of Jesus.
How many more passages like this in Lk 8'" do the Gospels contain ? That is a matter of con- jecture. It is desirable to add to the lists ah'eady given several other lists of passages which go to show the nature of the connexion between the OT and the NT.
((/) Intentionnl and free use of OT laws, facts, or statements indcjnndently of the original form of expression : (a) by Jesus, Mt S'^"^ (Lk IS'*'*^) 8* (Mk l*\ Lk 51^) ll>i 17'"- 'i (Mk 9'-'- 1^) 12»- ^ (Mk 2-5- ^6, Lk 6^- *) 12''- ■"<>■ ^' (Mt 16^'', Lk 1P«- ^»- s^) \2*i (Lk IP') 23»5 (Lk ll-w-si) 243'- S9 (Lk 17=«- -'), Lk 425-27 i72«. 29^ Jn 539c. 4« 317 . (^) by others, Mt 22^^ (Mk 12'«, Lk 20'-'8) 233o- ^i (Lk IP''- •'S), Lk V^'', Jn 510 63i.4i). 58 85 1931 . (^) by tiie Evangelist, Lk 2^2, Jn 45 (?).
(/() Another interesting group of pa.ssages con- sists of those which have a foruiula of reference to the OT as their source or authority, but whose content cannot he referred to any specific OT pass- age. These are all from the words of Jesus : Mt 202*' (Mk I421) 263^- ^R" (Mk 14*'), Mk Qi-"- '^ Lk 11J9 1831 2i22t> 24«- *', Jn \*^ 1711
(i) Still another class of pa.ssages consists of intentional allusions to something in the OT, but they make no formal use of OT material, and are not quotations in any strict sense of the term. The allusion to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrali is an illustration, (a) By Jesus, Mt 8^' (Lk 132«) l(P-2i (Mk 13'2) 1033-36 (Lk 12-52- =3) ips (Lk 1021) 2p3MMk 11'^^', Lk 19^'"') 2430" (Lk 233') 2430a. c (Mk 1326^ Li^ 2P7) 26«^ (Mk 14«2, Mt IG^' 253'), Lk 1732, Jn 1^' 3"^- '5 %^■ 35. 58 939 . (^) by others, Mt 82', Lk f\ Jn pi- 25 6'-» 7^" 1632.
The instances thus far classified come almost entirely under the head of the use of the OT as an authoritative Scripture. Another influence is quite as evident. It is the literary influence. This is the influence of any work of literature over the modes of thought and habits of expression of tliose who make much use of that work of litera- ture. Men may be unconscious of this influence, or they may consciously use the forms of utterance whicli they have learned to love. It is doubtless more a matter of habit working within the region of the unconscious, while it is the appeal to authority which is operative within the region of the conscious use of the OT. Tliese two cau.ses produce phenomena which are not altogether easy *"^o classify together.