In Ac 25 and following, the Caesar is appealed to by St. Paul, after his unjust arrest at Jerusalem. The right of appeal (provocatio) was one of the bulwarks of the original republican constitution. By it a citizen could appeal to his fellow-citizens in assembly against any injustice on the part of a magistrate. The plebeians were later also protected by their special officials, the tribuni plebis. By the Imperial constitution the Emperor possessed tri- bunicia potestas (see AUGUSTUS). Any aggrieved citizen could thus appeal to him, and the Emperor could quash tiie verdict of a lower court, and sub- stitute his own verdict. The Emperor had also the ius glaclii, the right of life and death, and this he could delegate to subordinates. St. Paul's ex- periences before purely Roman tribunals had been on the whole so satisfactory that he decided to risk appeal to the highest tribunal of all, knowing how valuable for the success of his mission a fav- ourable verdict would be. His appeal was received by Festus, and he proceeded to Rome. Hartmann (see below under Literature) does not consider that St. Paul's appeal was an appeal in the proper sense of the term, but it seems better to follow Ramsay, especially as Luke's language is quite plain. In the silence of history, scholars are divided as to the result of the Apostle's appeal. Some consider that the conclusion of Acts [q.v.) means that it was unsuccessful, and that he was condemned and beheaded. Those who accept the genuineness of the Pastoral Epistles believe that he was acquitted and released.
Caesar's household. — St. Paul, writing from Rome to the Philippian Church in A.D. 60 or 61, sends greetings from all the Christians in Rome, but ' especially ' from ' them that are of Caesar's household' (Ph 4^-). The date shows that the ' Caesar ' is Nero, and the word ok/a, translated ' household,' is doubtless a translation of the Latin famllia. The word/dtnilia is the later form of the older fnmulia, derived iTom/nmulas, a household- slave, and in Latin carries with it the idea especi- ally of tiie collection of slaves and freedmen in a house. The relations between slaves and masters in the Roman world were generally good, the slave being regarded more as an integral part of the family than hired servants are in modern times. In tiie Imper- ial palace at Rome they can hardly have numbered fewer than 2000, and an idea of the variety of their occupations can be got from a study of the list of nouns joined to a, ab in J. C. Rolfe's art. in the Archiv fur Inteinische Lexikogrnphie, vol. x. [1898] p. 481 if. or the Thesaurus Linguce Latince, vol. i. [1905] cols. 22 and 23. It is remarkable that the list of names in Ro 16 coincides almost exactly with names of members of the Impeiial household
CiESAREA
CAINITES
165
recovered in Roman inscriptions, as Lightfoot first showed at length. Tlie number of examples has since increased. No epigraphist could doubt that ch. 16 is an integral part of the Epistle to the Romans, and that most of the persons there named were ' of Caesar's household.' Our knowledge of tiie life of such persons is mainly derived from Statius {e.g. Silum v. 1) and Martial.
For Csesar- worship, see Emperor- WoKSHiP and Roman Empire.
Literature.— Official names of Roman Emperors in R. Cagnat, Coiira d'epirjraphie latine^, Paris, IfeDS, p. 177 ff. ; on the triOutum see A. H. J. Greenidge, iloman Public Life, London, 1901, p. 429 ff. ; on Caesar and the Messiah as rivals cf. theartt. of P. Wendland in ZiYZ'lf' v. [1904] 335-353 and H. A. A. Kennedy in Expositor, 7th ser. vii. [1909] 2S9-307 ; on the appeal (jjrovocatio, appellatio) see T. Mommsen, lHJm. Strafncht, 1S99, Ssr Abschnitt, p. 46Sff., (iesarnmelte Schriften, iii. [1907] 431-446, reprinted from Z^TW ii. [1901J Slff. ; art. 'Appellatio' by Hartmann in Pauly-Wissowa ; J. S. Raid in Journal of Roman Studies, i. [1911-12] 6S ff. ; W. M. Ramsay, St. Paul the Traoeller, 1895, p. 311 ff. On Caesar's Household see the excursus in Lightfoot, Epistle to the PIdlippians*, lfcl78, p. 171, and E. Riggenbach, in jS'eue Jahrbucher fur deutsche Theologie, i. [1S92J 498 ff.; best collection of inscriptions in H. Dessau, Inner. Lat. Selectee, i. [Berlin, 1S92] ch. vi.
A. SOUTER.
CffiSABEA {Kaiirdpeia or Kaiadpeia Xe^aar-^, named in honour of Augustus ; known also as Caisarea PakestlnxB, anil in modern Arabic as el- Knimrlyeh ; to be distinguished clearlj' from CcBsarea Philippi). — CfEsarea was situated on the Mediterranean coast, 32 miles N. of Joppa, 25 S. of Carmel, and 75 N.W. of Jerusalem. It was once the chief port of Palestine. It was re- built by Herod the Great on the site of ' Straton's Tower ' (Jos. .i4n^. XV. ix. 6). Tlie city is closely associated with the history of the Apostolic Church, being especially notable as the place where the Holy Spirit was poured out upon the Gentiles (Ac 10''^). The name occurs in Acts only. Pliilip the deacon seems to iiave resided at Cajsarea (8^" 21^- ^^). St. Paul was sent hence to Tarsus (9^"). Cornelius, a Roman centurion, influenced by a vision to send to Joppa for St. Peter, here became the first convert of the Gentiles (10^-^* 11'')- Here Herod Agrippa L died (12'"). Here St. Paul landed on his way from Ephesus (18"^), being later escorted hither on his return from Jerusalem (23-^* ^), and here he was imprisoned for two years, and tried before Festus [2b^- *• «• is).