CAUDA.— Cauda (Clauda in AV ; KaCSa in B, supported by Gaudus in Pliny, HN IV. xii. 61, and Pomp. Mela, ii. 14 ; KXaOSa in K and most authori- ties, supported by KXaOSos in Ptolemy, Ul. xvii. 11) was a small island 23 miles S. of Crete. From the modern forms of the name — Gavdho in Greek, Gozzo in Italian — Ramsay argues that preference should be given to the ancient form which omits the letter '1.' Favoured by a soft south wind, the ship in which St. Paul was sailing for Italy had rounded Cape Lithinos (now Cape Matala), four or five miles west from Fair Havens, and was making in a W.N.W. direction across the Bay of Messara for Port Phenice (g'.v.), which there was the prospect of reaching in a few hours, when she was suddenly struck by a ' typhoon ' (dvefios rvcpoifiKds), or E. N.E. squall (see EuRAQUILO), sweeping down from Mount Ida, and, not being able to face the gale {avTocpdaKfielv), she had to run before it {iiridovTes i(pep6iJ.iOa) till she was fortunate enough to get under the lee of Cauda, where the comparatively smooth water enabled the crew to bring her to and prepare her to weather the storm (Ac 27'^""). 'The ship must have been laid to on the starboard tack under the lee of Cauda, for it was only on this tack that it was possible to avoid being driven on the African coast' (Smith, Voyage and Ship- wreck of St. Paul*, London, 1880, p. 97flf.).
Literature. — W. M. Ramsay, St. Paul, London, 1895, p. 326 ff.; A. Breusingr, Die Nautik der Alten, Bremen, 1886, p. 169 S. ; artt. ' Cauda ' in EBB and ' Clauda ' in EBi.
James Strahan. CELIBACY.— See Marriage.
CENCHRE.ffi.— Cenchrese (not ' Cenchrea,' as in AV ; Keyxpeal [Tischendorf], Kevxpeal [WH] ; now the village of Kichries) was the eastern port of Corinth, 7 miles from the city, on the Saronic Gulf, opposite to Lechaeum on the Corinthian Gulf. ' Cenchrese,' says Strabo, ' serves for the trade with Asia, and Lechaeum for that with Italy' (Vlll. vi. 22). From the town of Schcenus — 4 miles north of Cenchrese — where the isthmus is less than 5 miles wide, a tramway (St'oX/cos) was laid to the other side, upon which vessels of smaller tonnage were conveyed bodily from sea to sea, avoiding a cir- cuitous passage by the stormy headland of Malea. In A.D. 67, Nero, impressed by an idea which had previously commended itself to greater minds — notably to that of Julius Cajsar — made an abortive attempt to cut a canal across the Isthmus, a piece of engineering which was not accomplished till the end of the 19th century (1881-1893). Between
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CENSER
CERINTHUS
Cenchrere and Schoenus was a famous sanctuary, in which stood ' the temple of Isthmian Neptune, shaded above with a grove of pine-trees, where the Corinthians celebrated the Isthmian games' (Strabo, loc. cit.). From the pines were cut those garlands for the brows of the victors in the stadium, which St. Paul contrasts with immortal crowns (1 Co 9-^'"). At Cenchreae, St. Paul, on the eve of his sailing for Syria to attend the Passover, had his head shorn on account of a vow (Ac 18'*). During his prolonged residence in Corinth, Cenchrere had become the seat of a church, of which Phcebe was a di.&Kovos — if not a deaconess in the full technical meaning of later times, at any rate in a more de- finite sense than is implied by 'servant' (Ko 16'). She was a irpocrrdtrts — succourer, patroness, guardian — of many wayfaring Christians who passed through that bustling seaport (16*). It has generally been assumed that this Cenchrean lady, whom St. Paul so warmly commends, was tlie bearer of the Roman Epistle to its destination (Renan, St. Paul, 1869, p. 219), but there is strong reason to believe that Ro 16 is a letter meant for Ephesus (see Romans).
LrrERATURE. — Conybeare-Howson, Life and Epistles of St. Paul, ISSe, ii. 224 ; T. Lewin, Life and Epistles of St. PauV\ 1875, i. 299 ff. ; J. G. Frazer, Pausanias, 1S9S, iii. Off. ; E. B. Redlich, St. Paul and his Companions, 1913, index, s.v.
James Strahan. CENSER. — 1. The writer of Hebrews mentions the 'golden dvixiarqpiov' first among the pieces of furniture which belonged to the Holy of Holies (9^). He had in view Ex SO'"'", which is generally regarded as one of the latest strata of P. His words raise a question as to the meaning of the word dvfXLaT-qpiov, and another as to the position of the article so named, both of which questions have been the subject of much controversy. (1) AV and RV, following the Vulgate — 'aureum habens thuribulum' — render dvixiar-qpiov by 'censer'; but RVm and American RV, like Clement Alex., Calvin, and most modern scholars, translate it as 'altar of incense.' Etymologically the word — a neut. adj. — may mean anything employed in the burning of incense, whether a censer in which, or an altar upon which, the act is performed. When evfiiarripiov occurs in the LXX— 2 Cii 26'^ Ezk 8", 4 Mac 7^' — it no doubt means 'censer,' being a translation of nna,^"?, while the altar of incense is t6 6v(Tia(TrT]pi.ov 6vixidfj.aTos (or -rwv) in Ex 30'- ^^, Lv 4^, 1 Ch V^, etc. But it is also certain that OvixiaT-qpLov became the usual Hellenistic name for the altar of incense, and Philo {Quis rer. div. hcer. 46, Vit. Mos. iii. 7), Josephus {Ant. in. vi. 8, viii. 2, 3, BJ V. v. 5), and the versions of Symmachus and Theo- dotion use the word with this meaning in Ex 30^ Unless the writer of Hebrews follows the same usage, he entirelj' ignores the altar of incense in his description of the furniture of the tabernacle, which is scarcely credible. (2) Prima facie, the author of Hebrews has fallen into error in naming this altar among the furnishings of the most holy place. He may be supposed to have been misled (a) by the ambiguous insti'uctions regarding it given in Ex 30^ : ' thou shall put it before the veil that is by the ark of the testimony, before tiie mercy-seat that is over the testimony' ; [b) by its designation as ayi.ov rOiv ayiwv in Ex 30'" ; and (c) especially by the fact that in Ex 25-^"^" 26^*, only tlie candlestick and the table are mentioned as standing in the holy place. Such a mistake on the part of the writer, whose acquaintance with the ritual practice of Judaism was second-hand, would not prove him the Monstruni von Unwissenheit that Delitzsch suggests. Still, it is not certain that he was really wrong. He does not say tliat the Holy of Holies contained the dvniarfipLov (contrast iv io in He 9^), but that it Mc? (ixov<^o-) such an altar. Evidently he was thinking, not of the local position of the