CANDLE, CANDLESTICK.— See Lamp, Lamp- stand.
CANKER.— See Gangrene.
CAPPADOCIA (Ka7r7ra5oK/a). — Cappadocia was an elevated table-land, with ill-defined and varying boundaries, in the east centre of Asia Minor. It was drained chiefly by the Halys and its tributaries, and intersected by great mountains, the highest of which, Argceus, is 13,000 feet above the sea. 'Persons who ascend it (but they are not many) say that both the Euxine and the Sea of Issus may be seen from it in clear weather' (Strabo, Xll. ii. 7). Cappadocia was traversed by the great road of commerce from Ephesus to the Euphrates, by the pilgrims' route from Constantinoj)le to Jerusalem, and by roads from the Cilician Gates to the cities of the Euxine. It was an excellent country for corn and pasturage, and it had some important centres of commerce. Jews had found their way into the country before the Maccabaean period, and in 139 B.C. the Roman Senate sent a letter to Ariarathes, King of Cappadocia, directing him 'not to seek their hurt' (1 Mao IS^"- '^). Philo (Leg. ad
CAPTAI^^ OF THE TEMPLE
CAR^^AL
169
Gaium, 36) also refers to Jews in Cappadocia. On the death of King Archelaus in A.D. 17, the country- was formed into a Roman province (Tacitus, Ann. ii. 42). It was administered by a procurator until the time of Vespasian, who joined it to Armenia and placed it under a legatus.
Jews of Cappadocia were sojourning in Jerusalem at the time of the first Christian Pentecost (Ac 2"). The elect of the Dispersion in the province of Cappadocia are addressed in 1 P 1^. Pagan Cappa- docia was devoted chiefly to the cult of Ma, and the strength of its anti-Christian forces is indicated in Strabo's description of two leading cities, Comana and Morimene.
The priest of Comana 'presides over the temple, and has authorit3' over the hierodouli l)eloni;iiig' to it, who, at the time I was there, exceeded in number 6000 persons, including men and women. A large tract of land adjoins the temple, the revenue of which the priest enjoys. He is second in rank in Cappadocia after the king, and in general the priests are de- scended from the same family as the kings ' (xii. ii. 3). ' In Morimene, among the Venasii, is a temple of Jupiter, with buildings capable of receiving nearly 3000 hierodouli. It has a tract of sacred land attached to it. . . . The priest is appointed for life like the priest of Comana, and is next to him in rank ' (XII. ii. 7).
Yet Christianity made rapid progress in Cappa- docia, and its triumph in Caesarea, the capital, so otl'ended Julian the Apostate that he deprived the city of its freedom. !Some of the other cities of Cappadocia — Nyssa, Nazianzus, Tyana, Samosata — are celebrated in Church history.
Literature.— W. M. Ramsay, The Chtirch in the Roman Empire, London, 1893, p. 445 If. ; Th. Mommsen, Provinces of the Horn. Empire'^, Kng. tr., do. 1909, i.3'23f., 3:i2 f., ii. 19, 41, 63 ; E. Chantre, Mission en Cappadncie, Paris, 1S98 ; G. Long, in DGRG, i. 506 ff. ; art. ' Cappadocia ' in UDB and EBi.
James Strahan.
CAPTAIN OF THE TEMPLE (Ac 4^ S^^-^o, 6 (TTpaTTjybs Tov lepov). — This is St. Luke's name for the commander of the Levitical guard who kept order in the Temple precincts and guarded the house. He was not a civil officer, but a priest ; and his duty, besides keeping the peace, was to make his rounds by night, visit all the gates, and see that the sentries were awake. The ottice ap- pears in Neh 11", Jer 20S etc. In 2 Mac 3^ he is called ■n-poa-rd.TTjs rod iepoO, and is said to be of the tribe of Benjamin, If the reading is correct, this would be an irregularity. In the time of Claudius Cajsar, one Ananus, the commander of the Temple, was sent in bonds to Rome to answer for his actions in a Jewish-Samaritan tumult (Jos. Ant. XX. vi. 2). For tlie name cf. also BJ VI. v. 3.
In the NT period, some of the high priests were blamed for nepotism, because, among other things, they made their sons ' captains of the Temple.'
In Ac 4^ the captain intervened on the ground tliat the peace of the Temple was likely to be broken by the preaching of the apostles, who were regarded as unauthorized speakers, and as such were under the ban of Jer 29'-^ : ' that there might be an overseer in the house of the Lord for every man who is insane and prophesies, and that thou mightest put him in the stocks and in the block.'
In Ac 5-'*- '^^ the captain of the Temple re-arrested Peter and John, who had escaped from prison the previous night. But clearly he was uncertain of his position, and recognized that popular opinion was on the side of tlie apostles. It was the policy of the Sadducees to avoid disturbance, and to give no excuse for the intervention of the Roman power. Therefore the arrest was etiected courteously, 'without violence, for they feared tiie jieople lest they should be stoned.' W. M. Grant.
CAPTIVITY.— See Bondage.
CARE, CAREFUL The English word ' care ' is
used in two senses : (a) attention to something or
someone, not necessarily painful (Lat. cura) ; and (6) anxiety, painful attention. This sense was due to the A.S. cam, 'sorrow,' becoming confounded with the Latin cura, ' attention ' (see HDB, art. ' Care '). This confusion was not unnatural, since excessive attention, or conflicting attention (cf. fi^pifiva ' drawing in difl'erent directions,' or Eng. ' distraction '), readily becomes painful. The sense of distress is not conveyed by the adjectival and adverbial forms — careful and carefully, careless and carelessly.