]\len are always tending to revert to forms, and there was yet another movement in later NT times, which felt after this old distinction. It adopted that of matter and spirit, in which spirit is clean, matter unclean. It had ordinances like ' Touch not, taste not, handle not' (Col 2-'), it tried to refine in all manner of ways, it forbade men to eat meat and to marry (1 Ti 4^). St. Paul answers in Tit V^ : All the external refinements in the world will not avail to give purity ; purity of heart, the will to be pure, alone secures it in body and spirit.
LrrERATURE.— fl^Z)B, art. 'Unclean'; W. R. Smith, RS^, 1894, Additional Note B ; F. J. A. Hort, Judaistie Christianity, 1894, chs. 6, 7; J. B. Lightfoot, Colossians and Philemon^, 1879, pp. 83 fE., 408-414 ; R. C. Trench, ^^T Synonyrm^, 1876,
p. 308. Sherwin Smith.
CLEANTHES.— See Quotations.
CLEMENT.— Mention is made of Clement in Ph 4^ as one of St. Paul's fellow- workers. If ixera Kai KXrifj-evTos is connected with ffvWafjL^dvov, Cle- ment was urged to help in the work of reconciling Euodia and Syntyche. But it is better to connect the phrase with avvrjdXrjaav, so including Clement among those ^^^th whom these women and St. Paul ' laboured in the gospel ' ; i.e. he had been conspicuous in Christian work in PhUippi. But the reference does not suggest that he was in Philippi when St. Paul \\Tote ; it is too oblique for that. Would he not have been asked to use his good offices to effect a reconciliation ? Two things are possible : (a) he may be dead, though his memory is fragrant (the reference to other ' fellow- workers whose names are in the book of life' is not inconsistent with this suggestion) ; {b) he may be with St. Paul, one of the band who gathered about him in his imprisonment and through whom the Apostle carried on his work. In that case Clement was in Rome, and one of the arguments against identifying him with Clement, bishop of Rome, who wrote the Letter to the Church of Corinth, would disappear. The difficrdty of date is, however, serious, though not insuperable. If
216 CLEMENT OE ROME, EPISTLE OE CLEMENT OF EOME, EPISTLE OF
Clement were a promising convert from Philippi, Avho after serving there with marked success be- came a pupil and companion of St. Paul, he could not verj well have been less than 35 or 40 years of age when Phil, was written from Rome about A.D. 60. If this Clement is to be identified with Clemens Romanus, he must have lived to extreme old age. The identification, first made by Origen, cannot be proved ; it is even precarious ; but Kennedy goes too far when he calls it ' absurd ' {EGT, * Philip- pians,' ad loc). The name is a common one.
LiTERATURB. — J. B. Ligrhtfoot, Philippians^, 1878 (esp. note on p. 16Sff.); H. A. A. Kennedy, EGT, ' Philippians,' 1903; art. on ' Clement' in HDB ; E. B. Redlich, St. Paul and his Companions, 1913, p. 223. J. E. ROBERTS.
CLEMENT OF EOME, EPISTLE OF.— 1. Occa- sion.— The Epistle of Clement itself supplies com- plete information as to the circumstances under which it was written. Dissension had arisen with- in the Christian community at Corinth, and the Church was torn asunder. The original ground of contention is not mentioned, but the course of the strife is clearly indicated. A small but powerful party of malcontents (i, 1, xlvii. 6) had used their in- fluence to secure the deposition of certain presbyters, men duly appointed according to apostolic regula- tions, who were, moreover, of blameless reputation and unfailing zeal in the performance of their duties (xliv. 3). A fierce controversy was raging, and the Corinthian Church, hitherto renowned for its vir- tues, especially such as are the outcome of brotherly love (i. 2-ii.), had become a stumbling-block in- stead of an example to the world (xlvii. 7). Once before, the Church of Corinth had shown the same spirit of faction (1 Co l^"*'^). History was now repeating itself, but the latter case was much worse than the former. Then, the contending parties had at least claimed to be following the lead of apostolic men, but now the main body of the Church was following ' one or two ' contumacious persons in re- bellion against their lawful rulers (xlvii.).
The news of this state of things was brought to Rome. How it came it is impossible to saj-. Ill news travels apace, and Rome is within easy reach of Corinth. It seems clear that no direct appeal was made to Rome by either contesting party. Yet in the ordinary course of things the Roman Church would soon hear of the Corinthian trouble, for com- munication seems to have been fairly frequent be- tween the principal Christian communities in the early days (note the stress laid on the duty of hos- pitality, i. X. xi. xii. XXXV.). At any rate the Chris- tians at Rome heard of the Corinthian dissension A\ hile it was still at its height (xlvi. 9). When the tidings first came, they themselves were suffering under the stress of external persecution (i. I, vii. 1), but as soon as the storm had abated, a letter was written in the name of the Church at Rome to the Church at Corinth, expressing the sorrow which the Corinthian feud had caused to the Christians at Rome, and admonishing the Corinthians to re- member the primary duty of (j)i\a5€\(pia and bring their strife to an end. That Epistle has survived to the present day. It is known as ' the First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians.'