(c) Coptic. — More recently still a Coptic version of Clement has been discovered in a papyrus book ascribed to the end of the 4th century. The text was published by Carl Schmidt in 1908 {TU xxxii. 1). The most interesting feature of this version is its omission of the name of Clement from the title, which runs ' Epistle of the Romans to the Cor- inthi.-ins.' Owing to the loss of five leaves from the middle of the book, the text is defective from xxxiv. 6 to xlii. 2. The underlying Greek text, though good, is inferior to th.at of Cod. A or of the Latin version (C. H. Turner, Studies in Early Church Hist. p. 257).
LiTKRATURE.— Editions of the Epistle of Clement : O. v. Geb- hardt and A. Harnack (1875); F. X. Funk (1878-81) ; J. B. Lightfoot (Apantol. Fathers, pt. i., 1890) ; R. Knopf (1901). Artt. on Clement of Rome : ' Clemens Ronianus,' by G. Salmon, in DCB i. [1877]; 'Clement i.,' bv John Chapman, in CR iv. [1908]; 'Clemens von Rom,' by G. Uhlhorn, in PRE^ iv. [1898] and 'Clement of Rome,' in SchafT-Herzog, iii. [1909]. General works : A. Harnack, GeschiihW der altchristl. Litt. i. [1893], Chronologie, ii. [1891] ; C. H. Turner, Studies in Early Church History, 1912; V. H. Stanton, T/ie Gospels as His- torical Documents, pt. i. [1903], Versions : Svriac, ed. Bensley (1899) ; Latin, ed. Morin (1894) ; Coptic, ed. Schmidt (1908).
F. S. Marsh.
CLOKE
CLOTHES
221
CLOKE * {<pai\6v7]s, etc.). — The most important passage in which this word figures is 2 Ti 4"*, where tlie cloke, left behind at Troas with Carpus, is mentioned together with the books, especially the parchments. This grouping has led to the cloke being identified with a bag or case for books (since the time of Chrysostom). In HDB it is stated that the cloke 'may have been a light mantle like a cashmere dust-cloak, in which the books and parchments were wrapped.' In DCG it is taken as * a heavy woollen garment, generally red or dark yellow in colour, worn as a protection against cold and rain, at first especially by travellers and by artisans and slaves. . . .' It appears to have been of one piece, circular or ellip- soid in shape, with a hole in the middle for the in- sertion of the head, and with no sleeves. Accord- ing to Seyffert's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, s.v. 'Pa3nula,' it was buttoned or stitched up in front, in the direction of its length — a description which would lead to some modification of the idea of there being a simple opening for the head. An interesting addition to the last-named account is the mention of the cuculltis or hood, to serve as a head-covering. Most accounts agree in describing it as a travelling-cloke, for rich and poor, and for both sexes. It belongs to the category of vesti- mcnta clausa. It was worn in Rome (see Suut. Nero, 48), and was also in common use througliout the East, being well known to Greeks, Jews, and Syrians. The Jewish and Syriac forms of the word have caused it to be confused with the pallium {lfj.6.TLov) or mantle.
The Latin pcenula ( = (paivdXyjs, i^ej/iXiys) is in- teresting in view of the transposition of v and X, as found in (f)ai\6v7]s, (peXSvrjs of the NT, which are said to be erroneous forms. There seems to be great diversity of opinion among lexicographers on the point. For the relation of the cloke to the chasuble and other matters connected with ecclesiastical vest- ments, see DCG, s.v. ' Cloke.' In this connexion R, Sinker, Essays and Studies, Cambridge, I'JUO, pp. 87- 97, and W. Lowrie, Christian Art and Archceology, New York, 1901, p. 396 if., should also be consulted.
The phrase ' before winter' (2 Ti 4'-^) is a for- tuitous sequence, and is not to be brought into relation to v.^*. As to this and further specula- tions regarding tlie history of St. Paul's cloke, see F. W. Farrar, Life and Work of St. Paid, London, 1897, p. 682, where a noteworthy parallel is cited. Cf. also A. Plummer, The Pastoral Epistles {Ex- positor's Bible), 1888, p. 411 fl".
The word 'cloke' appears in an extended mean- ing : (1) if Trpocpdcrei irXeoue^ias, ' a cloke of covetous- ness' (1 Th 2^); and (2) iiriKd\vfj,fia t^s Kadas, 'a cloke of wickedness (or malice)' (1 P 2'^). These passages call for no remark.
W. Cruickshank.
CLOTHES, t — Many words of general meaning relating to clothing are used in the Acts, Epistles, and especially in the Apocalypse. In a number of instances these are metaphorical, particularly in the case of verbs, e.g. ' putting on,' ' putting off,' ' encircled,' etc. (2 Co 5^- *, Eph 4^ 6'i, Col 39. 10)^ -pije clothing of the angels and visionary figures is indeterminate, except as to aspect and colour, e.g. white, shining, pure, purple, scarlet, sprinkled (or dipped). Even Avith regard to luxury in dress, kingly or otherwise, there is little or no mention of particular garments (cf. Ac 12'-\ 1 Ti 2", 1 P 3^). In a passage quoted from the OT (He V^- ^-) another indefinite term {irepi^dXaiov ; cf. 1 Co 1P5) is employed. Little is said to indicate the condition of poverty (except Ja 2^) ; ' naked,'