9. Washing of clothes.— (oi5/c) i/Md\wav (Rev 3*), SirXwav (7" ; cf. 22"), iXeiJKavav (7"), although used allegorically, are indicative of processes connected with the fulling and washing of clothes. The kindred process of dyeing underlies the imagery of 19'^ (if ^e^afifxivov be read). See also 'purple and scarlet ' above, § 8.
Literature.— Art. ' Dress ' in HDB (G. M. Mackie), SDB (A. R. S. Kennedy), EBi (I. Abrahams and S. A. Cook), DCG (E. W. G. Masterman); art. 'Costume, 'J£(W. Nowack); see further I. Benzinger, Heb. Arckaologie^, Tiibinfren, 1907, pp. 73-87, and especially S. Krauss, Talmud. Archdologie, vol. i. [Leipzig, 1910] pp. 127-207 (preceded by a very important list of dictionary articles and books); G. M. Mackie, Bible Manners and Customs, 1898. \V. CrUICKSHANK.
CLOUD {ve(pi\7j,vi<j)os). — Ruskin says that we never make the clouds a subject of thought, otherwise we should witness ' scene after scene, picture after picture, glory after glory ' (Frondes Agrestes, 1875, p. 36 f,). The Apostolic Church was not blind to the beauty of the 'brave, o'erhanging firmament,' which Avas far from seeming to her a mere ' con- gregation of vapours.' But in her the aesthetic sense was subordinated to the religious. Her thoughts were to a large extent shaped by those of the great Hebrew writers, who conceived of God as making the cloud His cliariot (Ps 104»), spreading it for a covering (105=*^ 19^), descending in it (Ex 34^), speaking out of it (Nu ll^s, Dt 5-), leading His
geople in it (Ex 13-^ Ps 78"). She brooded over laniel's vision of the Son of Man coming with the clouds of heaven. She heard that when the three disciples were on the Holy Mount a bright cloud overshadowed them, that they feared as they entered into the cloud, and that a voice spake out of the cloud (Mt 17», Mk 9^ Lk ^- »), Thus for the early Church the cloud sometimes served a higher purpose than that of watering the thirsty earth— it was regarded as the vesture of Deity, of angels, or of saints.
1. Wlien Christ had spoken His last words to His disciples, ' he was taken up, and a cloud re- ceived him out of their sight' (Ac 1"). His body did not suddenly vanish, as in other post-Resurrec-
tion manifestations ; nor was His Ascension ac- complished in a blaze of glory. He was in human form when He parted from His Church and entered within the veil. The Church stiU thinks of Him, and prays to Him, as He was when the cloud en- veloped Him.
2. St. Paul regards the cloud which indicated God's presence among tlie Israelites as having a sacramental virtue to them (1 Co 10^-^). When they were under it, and when they passed through the sea, they were initiated into the service of Moses, as the Christian is initiated by baptism into the service of Christ. ' They were neither wet with tiie cloud nor with the sea, much less were they immersed in either . . . nor is the term baptism found in the writings of Moses. But Paul uses this term with great propriety, because (1) the cloud and the sea are in their own nature water, (2) the cloud and the sea took the fathers out of sight and restored them again to view, as the water does to those who are baptized. . . .The sacra- ments of the OT were more than two, if we take into account these extraordinary ones' (Bengel's Gnomon, in loco).
3. At one time St. Paul expected that he and other believers, still alive at the Parousia, would be caught up in clouds to meet the Lord in the air (1 Th 4-''). The absence of the art. indicates that these are no common clouds, but ' eigne Vehikel ' (Schraiedel, Hand-Kom. inloc). Whether St. Paul thinks of Christ descending to meet the saints on their way to heaven, or simply of their ascending to join Him in the air — i.e. in heaven — is not made quite clear ; but probably the former idea is what is meant. The essential fact is contained in the words which follow : ' So shall we ever be with the Lord.' At a later time St. Paul welcomed the thought of joining Christ in another way — ' janua mortis, janiia vitaj' (1 Co 15^1, 2 Co 5\ P'h l-i--^).
4. In the Apocalypse a gigantic angel comes down out of heaven, arrayed with a cloud (Rev 10'). Christ Himself conies with clouds (F), as in the Danielle vision. He is enthroned upon a white cloud (14"- "-16). _
In He 12^ the innumerable witnesses for Christ in past ages are compared to a cloud (vi(j)os) en- circling believers Avho are now running their race. The example (perhaps not Avithout the superadded thought of the real presence) of the multitude who have finished the course and won the prize is an inspiration to the present-day runner.
In Jude ^" hypocrites, uttering swelling words of vanity, are likened to mists and clouds which promise abundant showers for the thirsty earth but never give them. James Strahan.
CNIDUS (Kj/tSos). — Cnidus was a city of Caria, at the S.W. angle of Asia Minor, between the islands of Cos and Rhodes. It lay at the end of a long peninsula — Triopium — which juts into the .^gean Sea and forms the southern shore of the Sinus Ceraraicus. Strabo (XIV. ii. 15) accurately describes it : ' Cnidus has two harbours, one of which is a close harbour, tit for receiving triremes, and a naval station for twenty ships. In front of the city is an island, seven stadia in circuit ; it rises high, in the form of a theatre, and is joined by a mole to the mainland, making Cnidus in a manner two cities, for a great part of the inhabitants live on the island, which shelters both the harbours.' In the lapse of time the mole has become a sandy isthmus. The situation of the city in the highway of the seas gave it much commercial importance. It was a free city of the Roman Emj)ire. Jews were settled there in the Maccaba>an period (1 Mac 15''").