* This spelling, instead of the modern 'cloak,' is retained by the RV.
t This art. includes such terms as * dress,' ' garment,' ' robe,' ' vesture ' (the last not in RV).
* nakedness,' occur mostly in connexion with per- secutions, which were also marked by the wearing of sheepskins and goatskins (He IP'') — this, how- ever, in pre-Christian times. The restricted meaning of 'naked' is probably found in Ac 19'^ (cf. 7^^). The minimum in respect of clothes is hinted at in the o^KewdafjiaTa of 1 Ti 6® (Avhere some have found ' shelter ' implied as well), and enjoined in the {if) KaraaroXri kou/jlLcj) of 1 Ti 2^, where a con- trast is made between modest apparel and the other extreme, which is also vividly pictured in one of the parties entering the synagogue, and having favour shown by the rulers (Ja 2^- ^). The moth-eaten garments (5-) of the rich also teU an evident story.
1. Under-garments. — The x'''"'^*'. or under-gar- ment, is expressly mentioned in few places. vVe find that Dorcas made coats {xt-ruiuas) and gar- ments {i/xdria), the two chief categories of dress (Ac 9^). In Jude ^^ the garment {xitwv) spotted by the flesh may be understood literally, the x"''^'' being brought into immediate contact with the body. But it would not warrant the conclusion that there was no other under-garment known or worn at this time. The x'^'^'' niay also be inferred from Ac 12^, where the girdle is evidently implied (see Girdle). Sackcloth is mentioned only in the imagery of Rev. (6'- IP). See Coat.
2. Outer covering (or coverings).— tMartop {Ifj-dria, pi.), while no doubt generically employed, is also tlie specific word for the outer garment, equivalent to Heb. !^'7!?t' and Latin pallium (see Mt 5*", 'cloke'). (ttoXt), 'robe,' appears only in Rev. (sing, and pi.), and the compound Karaa-ToX-/) in 1 Ti 2*. irob-qpT} (accus. of Trodriprjs), in Rev 1'^, a garment reaching to the feet, appears to combine the notions of dignity and priestly sanctity. The outer garment (mostly in pi.) figures in the Acts in connexion with certain activities, viz. the stoning of Stephen (7^^) ; preparation for going forth (12'*) ; rending, as a token of grief (M''*) ; rending, as an act of violence (16--) ; shaking out, to indicate being done Avith (18^); throwing off, as a sign of rage (22-^). For outer coverings see further Cloke, Mantle.
3. Head-dress. — No distinctive head-covering for men is mentioned, but in view of the treatment of the head by shearing and shaving some protec- tion must have been worn (Ac 18'^ 21-'*), and may be deduced from 1 Co 11*. The difficult paragraph ^yy_4-i6j nee(j 1,^ regarded here only in so far as it evidences a practice of veiling of women (not in- deed of the face), indoors and out-of-doors, as a sign of autiiority (RV), which authority is either another's, and this is the usual interpretation, or her own (see W. M. Ramsay, Luke the Physician, London, 1908, p. 175). St. Paul makes use of the face-veil (cf. Ex 34^^'^) for spiritual purposes in 2 Co 3^^''^. The crown {aricpauos), frequently men- tioned in St. Paul's Epistles and in Rev., is either part of gala-attire (cf. ariixfiaTa, Ac 14'^), or dis- tinctive of saints and allegorical figures seen in vision. Such word-pictures may, however, have had a basis of fact in the fillets, chaplets, and other head-gear of the Greeks and Romans. For the influence of Asia Minor on the dress of Rev. {e.g. V^-) see A. Deissmann, Bibelstudien, Marburg, 1895, p. 285 fl'. (Eng. tr., Bible Studies, Edinburgh, 1901, pp. 368-370).
4. Footwear.— See art. Shoe, Sandal.
5. Handkerchief, Apron. — See separate articles under these titles.
6. Articles of military wear are treated under Armour.
7. Clothes relating to marriage and biu'ial. — Rev 2P contains the only mention of the ' bride adorned,' and details are equally lacking as to burial customs. Ac 5®, referring to Ananias {awi-
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ClsIDUS
a-Tei.\av adrov, ' they wrapped him round '), does nob convey much.
8. Ornaments. — The single reference to 'bag- gage' (Ac 21'^) is significant of the absence of superfluous articles of wear in the equipment of St. Paul and his companions in travel. But many of those who remained at home were not so in- different to luxury. To the indications already given may be added the mention of a mirror (1 Co 13'-, 2 Co 3'^ Ja 1-^), in actual practice doubtless as much for ornament as for use. Plaiting the hair (1 Ti 2**, 1 P 3^) is open to censure, and anointing likewise seems to have been carried to excess in these times (ointment, Rev 18'^). The Xpv(rodaKTij\Los of Ja 2^ paves the way for the wider domain of female ornamentation, as given in the gold, pearls, costly raiment of 1 Ti 2^ and the jewels of gold and putting on of apparel of 1 P 3^. This culminates in the royal apparel of Ac 12-^ (of. Jos. Ant. XIX. viii. 2), and the great pomp of Agrippa and Bernice (Ac 25^). The city-life of the age certainly atibrded scope for the practice of the luxurious and extravagant in dress, as can be gathered from the indictment of Rev 18 (cf. ll^- ^), in which is to be found a storehouse of materials falling under this head. The purple (cf. Ac 16") and scarlet, the fine linen and silk (or rather, mix- ture containing silk), are the last word in luxury of materials, and to them must be added em- broidery (Rev 19^® [?]) and inworking of gold and silver, precious stones and pearls. The \lvov or XlOov of Rev IS**, and the fine linen, bright and pure (19^), white and pure (19"), etc., have tran- scendent value.