(2) The other and more probable theory, accord- ingly, takes the man of lawlessness to be anti- Christian Judaism coming to a li(!;id in the person of a pseudo-Messiah, and the restraining power to he the Jioinan Empire personified in the Ciesar him- self. It is sometimes objected that under this theory an insuperable difficulty is presented by v.', as it would be contrary to the rOle of a Jewish Messiah to sit in the Temple of God and set himself forth as God. But this is to overlook the fact th.it we have to do here with an apocalyptic picture coloured with the language of an Of apocalypse (cf. Dn IP") and influenced by the Antichrist tradition which had been developing in Judaism ever since the days of Antiochus Epiphaiies (see art. Antichrist, 1). To St. Paul as a Rabbinical scholar the portentous figure of the Jewish Anti- christ, Satanic, blasphemous, and God-defying, must have been very familiar. His familiarity with it may be traced not only in the language of v.-*, but in the references to the Beliar-Satan con- ception which are present in the passage. In v.» the coming of the man of lawlessness is said to be 'according to the working of Satan.' And E. Nestle has pointed out (ExpT xvi.^ [1904-05] 472) that on the evidence of the LXX and Aquila i] dirotrrao-ia (v.') is a rendering of Heb. te'??, o di'Spioiros rijs ivonlas (v.^) of 9y:'?3 r'K ('man of Belial '), and 6 dvT-i/cei/iej-os (v.*) of [oy. The Jewish conception of the Antichrist, not as a mere politi- cal figure but as an eschatological monstrosity in the shape of a diabolic opponent of God, St. 1 .aui boldly transfers from the s]jhere of paganism in which Jewish apocalyptic had placed it, and sets down in the sphere of Judaism itself. Out of Judaism he pictured the Antichrist as coming, though there are features in his representation which imply that the sway of the man of lawless- ness would extend far beyond the confines of Juda- ism — that he would cause an apostasy in the Church (v.'), that he would break down the re- straining power of the Emjiire (v.'), tliat he would draw after him a deluded and perishing world (yy 10-12) ju t,|,e persistent malevolence of his own race against Christ and the gospel, the Apostle saw the mystery of iniquity working ; but he con- ceived of that malevolence as culminating at length in the appearance of an Antichrist endowed with Satanic and superhuman qualities, who would deceive men by ' power and signs and lying wonders '(v.""- ; cf. Mk 13-'-^), and whose hostility to the truth of God which brings salvation would reacli its climax in the blas]ihcmou8 claim to be liiniself Divine. Tlicn Clirist would return to a world now ripe for judgment, slaying the lawless one with the breath of His mouth, and bringing
-MAXAEX
MARK (JOHX)
him to nought by the manifestation of His coming (v.»).
LlTERATtlRE. — Besides the references piven in the art., and the Literature appended to art. Antichrist, see A. Sabatier, The Apostle I'aul. Eng. tr., 181I1, p. 117 IT. ; B. Weiss, ISUdical Thcotogi/ o/the ST, Eng. tr., i. (18S21 305fl. ; J. MoSfatt, The Butorical NT, 1901, p. 142fl., LXT, 1911, p. TUff.
J. C. Lambert.
MANAEN (Heb. M'nahem).—Aa St. Luke pre- faces his account of the Church of Jerusalem (Ac 1-5) by giving a list of the apostles who were its chiefs and leaders ( l^), so he prefaces his account of the Church of Antioch, and the missionary activity of which it was the centre, by a list of tlie most noted prophets and teachers who were con- nected with it : they were Barnabas, and Synieon called Niger, and Lucius the Cyrenian, and Manaen, the foster-brother of Herod the tetrarch, and Saul ( 13'). What brought Manaen to Antioch we do not know. As foster-brother or playmate of Herod Antipas (for the Greek term bears either meaning) he must have been brought up mainly at Jerusalem. The connexion between Manaen and the Herod family seems to have been hereditary. Josephus tells {Ant. XV. X. 5) the story of an elder Manaen, father or uncle of the present one, a noted Essene, who made a prophecy to Herod the Great that he would become kin^ of Judaea ; and when the prophecy was fulfilled Herod treated Manaen, and the Essene sect to which he belonged, with great consideration. If, as tradition asserts, St. Luke was a native of Antioch and a resident there, he may well have known Manaen personally and have learnt from him the many details respecting the Herod family which he has introduced into both his Gospel and the Acts. Of Manaen's subsequent career we know nothing. W. A. SPOONER.
MANASSEH.— See Tribes.
MANNA {fidvva). — 1. Among the sacra contained in the Tabernacle the writer of Heb. mentions (9*) the pot of manna, which Aaron was directed to lay up before the Lord as a perpetual memorial of the miraculous food whereby the Israelites were sustained in the wilderness (Ex 16^). The Heb. text does not describe the pot as golden, but the NT writer foUovi's the LXX, which reads Xd^e araixvov xpmodv iiia. In Solomon's Temple the two tables of stone were the sole contents of the ark of the covenant (1 K 8^), but the Rabbis assumed that the jar of manna was also deposited there, evidently basing their belief on the words ' before the Lord.'