Alexandria. , ,, ^ -.t 1
3 With Paul.— Shall we say, then, that Mark returned from his Egyptian journey, his spurs won' He reappears in Paul's favour and serves under his direction. The Gentile Apostle com- mands that welcome be given hira at Colossse (Coi 4M)—ifhe come. Is there just a touch of Pauls old distrust of Mark in the hypothetical phrase? He does not seem to have actually reached Colosste. The lure of Egypt may have dvuvra him there in- stead. Later still he is stationed somewhere be- tween Ephesus and Rome (2 Ti 4"). Paul may have used his now trusted companion as a deputy to various churches. But particularly he had need of him often at the home base (Rome) : there ' the mvpiTT,! of the first missionary journey became the avvepyds of the Roman imprisonment (Col 4 , Philein "). The ageing Apostle needed just such personal services as Mark was specially fitted to give.
4 With Peter.— Assuming the genuineness of 1 Peter, Nve next find Mark, probably after the death of Paul, again in close Umch with 1 eter. This apostle had helped to form Marks early im- pressions by his visits to Mary's house, and claiiiKi him by tlie allcctionate title of son (iWs), if in.lced he was not a spiritual son (t^k^w). ^o^y, if tradi- tion be correct, he was destined to furnish Mark » mind with a treasure that has enriched the whole Christian Church. Peter spoke Aramaic ordinarily, and so lie required an attendant who could trans- late easily into Greek. I'or this task of dragoman Mark was eminently suited. As his 1-atin name and Hellenistic descent implied, he was proficient in Greek as well as in Aramaic. As Peter preached Mark took mental note of his reminiscences of Jesus, and thence grew that memoir which is, or has become in expanded forms, the Second Gospel. The Fathers disagi-ee as to how and when the com- pilation was made. Origen would even make 1 eter responsible for personal oversight of the work, but Irena;us is probably right in stating that it was after Peter's death that Mark wrote down the memoirs (cf. Menzies, The Earliest Gospel, p. 44 11.). 5. In legend.— Later legend has been busy with the name of Mark. The most probable and earliest tradition is that already mentioned which links his name to Alexandria. A 7th cent, tradition speaks of a ministry in N. Italy, and from this springs Mark's association with Venice (notably the Church of St. Mark). Martyrologists c aim him and represent him as dying a violent death by burning or by being dragged over stones. But the earliest mention of martyrdom is not of earlier date than the 4tli or 5th cent. {Acta Marci).
The Acts of Barnabas profess to be written by the evangelist, but that compilation is of the 4th cent, at earliest. Attempts have been made to assign to him various books of the N 1— Hebrews, the Apocalypse, Jude— but on quite inadequate grounds. A liturgy bears his name.
LITERATURE.-H. B. Swete, Gospel ace. to St .llark-^.WOi, DD "i-xxviii; A. Menzies, The Eartitst (lospd. l«;'l. ""l--"- dScton pp 4(M7 ; artt. ' Mark, St.' in EJlr". ■ Mark (.loh..)' m Hci^'-MTrk' in EBi-.T. Zahn, XT I ntrod., Kr^g. tr 1909 i 427 ff. For later legend cf. Molini, De mtaet lipeanii iiiarci EmnadMce, ed. Fieralisi, ISW ; R. A. Lips.us, .D»r avik Apostel'ieschicMen %md Apostcllegenden, li!^.i-bi , 1- Schermiin, Propheten- muL ApOBteUegenden(TU. Srd ser., 1.
[1907]). John jjow.
MAEKETOFAPPIUS.— SeeAPPlUS,MAKKETOF.
MARKET-PLACE.— Market-place (Ac 16" 17") is the translation of Gr. dyopi, which corresponds to Lat. forum. It was the favourite resort of t.ie populace in a Greek city for social and political purposes. At Philippi St. Paul was taken there in order that he might be accused before the magistrates. This town being a colonin, the Roman custom, according to which the magistrates sat in the Forum, was followed. That St. Paul should preach in the Agora at Athens was only natural, since here he would find the greatest number of people gathered together. It was the new Roman Agora which lay to the north of the Acropolis in the Eretrian quarter. It was sur- rounded by porticoes of great beauty, embellished as .they were by sculptures, and rich in associa- tions dear to the heart of the Athenian. In the Stoa Basileios was the judgment-seat of the king archon ; from the Stoa Poikile the Stoics received their name ; and so forth. Here slaves were en- gaged in making purchases on behalf of their masters, students and philosophers met for con- versation and discussion, and nobles lounged in easy state. It was the one place where general attention could be drawn to the new preaching.
F. W. WORSLEY.
10
MAliKS, STIGMATA
MARKS, STIGMATA
MARKS, STIGMATA. — The word .itif/ma, in aditition to its litLial ami moral use, is employed technically iu botany, anatomy, patholoiiy, zoolo;^y, and geometry. The onlj' uses that fall to be con- sidered are the literal, moral, and pathological.
A arlyiia (from vb. o-rifu) ; cf. Lat. stimulus. Germ, steckcn, Eng. 'stick,' 'sting') is a mark upon the body produced by pricking, cutting, or branding. In tlie East sucli marking was very common in ancient times, and even yet cases may be found, though they are rare (Mrs. W. M. Kamsay, Everyday Life in Turkey', London, 1003, ]). 7). The wounds were prevented from healing quickly so that broad scars might be produced. Sometimes, with the same end in view, coloured matter was rubbed into the brand-mark. These signs of ownership were impressed upon certain classes of the community.