The date of the death of Antipas of Pergamum (Rev 2'^) was, according to legend, in the reign of Domitian, when he was burnt to death in a brazen bull. But the phrase 'in the days of Antipas' suggests a date some years before the words were written, and Antipas was probably killed in some unknown persecution under the earlier Flavians.
Under Domitian suffered three persons whose Christianity, if not absolutely certain, is higlily probable. The Emperor's own cousin, the consiu Flavins Clemens, was condemned, according to Sue- tonius (Domitian, 15), 'ex tenuissima suspicione.' If Clemens was a Christian, be would be unable to take part in public functions which involved Emperor-worship. This tits in with the assertion of Dio Cassius (Ixvii. 14) that he was charged with dSeiri;!, i.e. 'sacrilege,' and with practising 'Jewish ' ways. It also explains the scornful ver- dict of Suetonius that he displayed 'contemptible indolence.' At the same time his wife, Domitilla, was banished to Pontia (Jerome, Ep. 108 [or 86], 'ad Eustochium'). With these two Dio couples M'. Acilius Glabrio as a victim of Domitian's fury. The evidence as to his religion is inconclusive. Lightfoot's denial of his Christianity (Apostolic Fathers, I. i. 81 n.) is questioned by Ramsay (op. cit. p. 261).
With Trajan we reach the last martyr of this period. It is related in Eusebius, HE iii. 32, that Symeon the son of Clopas, ' the second bishop of Jerusalem,' was arrested on the ground that he
MARY
MATTHEW
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Avas descended from David, and was a Christian. After nianj^ days of torlure he was crucided. With him, in tlie opinion of Eusebins, passed away the last survivor of tlie Apostolic Age.
LiTERATrRE. — H. B. Workman. Persecution in the Early C/turcfi-\ London, 1011 (with full biblio^jrapliy) ; A. J. Mason, Historic Marlt/rs of the PriinitCre Cliurch, do., 19U5 ; B. F. Westcott, The Two Kmr'iifs. do., 1UU9, ch. ii. ; H. M. Gwatkin. I^arly Church llisturt/, tlo., X909, vol. i. chs. v.-vii. ; W. M. Ramsay, The Church in thf Roman Empire^, do., 1897, chs. x.-xvi. ; E. G. Hardy, Studies in Rmnrm Uislory (formerly, Christianit y and the Roman Government), do., 1906; H. B. S'wete, Apocalypse of St. John'', do., 1907, Introd., sect, vii. C. T. UlMONT.
MARY (Gr. Uapta, M.aplaix, Heb. onpj.—Mary, one of the commonest Jewish names for women, was derived from Miriam the sister of Moses, and very frequently used in NT times because of the sj'mpathj' felt for the beautiful Hasmon^.in princess, the ill-fated wife of Herod. As it was the name borne by the mother of Jesus, it became in its Greek form, which passed into all languages, the most familiar Christian name for women. Many and varied derivations have been suggested, but it is practically certain that the names Moses, Aaron, and Miriam are all of Egyptian origin. Miriam is probably 7ner Amon, ' beloved of Amon' (cf. Mereneptah, ' beloved of Ptah').
In the NT we find several distinct persons bear- ing the name, although in some cases it is rather difficult to be certain that the same person is not referred to under slightly varied descriptions by the ditlerent evangelists. In all, the name is found in eight connexions, which areas follows: (1) the Virgin Mary ; (2) Mary the mother of James and Joses; (3) 'the other Mary'; (4) Mary (wife) of Clopas ; (5) Mary Magdalene ; (6) Mary of Beth- any ; (7) Mary the mother of John Mark ; (8) a Christian lady of Rome. It is a,lniost certain that the same person is referred to in (2), (3), and (4). Some have identified (5) and (6), but this is extremely doubtful. Of the eight, only (7) and (8) belong properly to a Dictionary of the Apostolic Church. On the others see artt. in HDB iii. and DCG ii.
1. Mary the mother of John Mark. — In Ac 12" we read that St. Peter, after he had been released from prison by the angel, went to the house of Mary the mother of Mark, where several members of the Church of Jerusalem had assembled to pray for his deliverance. From this notice we gather that Mary was a Christian lady residing in Jeru- salem in the early years of the Apostolic Church. As John Mark was a cousin {avexj/ms. Col 4'°) of Barnabas, the companion of St. Paul on his first missionary journey, Mary was thus the aunt of Barnabas. She seems to have been a woman possessed of considerable wealth, as she was able to entertain the members of the .Jerusalem Church. We cannot tell how long she remained in Jerusalem or whether she died there or not. Later writers believed that her house was situated on Mt. Zion and that it was the meeting-place of the disciples from the Ascension to the Day of Pentecost. The house was also reported to have escaped the destruc- tion of the city by Titus and to have been used as a church at a later period (Epiphanius, de Mens, et Pond. 14; Cyril Jerus. Cntech. 16). It is, however, not impossible that this Mary is identical with —
2. The Christian lady of Rome to whom the Apostle sends greeting (Ro \&), and to whom he refers as ' Mary who bestowed much labour on us.' The fact that early tradition associates Mark with Rome and that his Gospel is undoubtedly intended for Roman Christians does not make at all impos- sible the idea that Mary the mother of Mark moved to Rome. Evidently the Mary of Ro IG* h.ad not bestowed labour on the Apostle in Rome, which as