vet he had not visited at the date of writing tht Epistle. If the Apostle by the reference 'who bestowed much labour on us' alludes to personal service to himscll, it must have been at some plaie already visited, and the conclusion is unavoidable that Mary had recently settled in Rome. But it is not safe to draw any conclusion from this refer- ence, because the reading 'you' (i>/nSs) is much better supported than 'us' (t^m^s). In this ca.se the Apostle may have known Mary only by reputa- tion as a benefactress of the Roman Church, prob- ably a woman of the type of Lydia of Ac !(;'■'■"'. The way in which the Apostle refers to her implies that she was well known to those he addres.sed. She may have held the position of a deaconess or a ' widow ' at Rome. W. F. BoVD.
MASTER.— In the Acts, Epistles, and Apoca- lyp-'ic three words {Kv^epvifrri^, oeaTroTijs, Kupios) are translated 'master' in the RV. The AV has ' masters ' for diOaaKaXoi in Ja 3', the etymological meaning of iiuigistri (so the Rhem. in He 5'-). The RV uses ' teacher' uniforndy.
1. In Ac 27" the RV has ' the master ' for 6 Kv^ep- v/lTTji (from liv^epvav, Lat. qubernare, ' govern '), ' governor.' So also Rev is''. The notion is that of steersman (cf. Ezk '27^' ^'•).
2. The term dc<nr6TTf$ is strictly the antithesis of Sov\os, and signifies ' absolute ownership and uncon- trolled power' (Grimm-Thayer). So we have it in 1 Ti 6"-, a pertinent warning to the Christian Sov\oi not to presume on the new fellowship in Christ with their oeairdTai, but to give them all the more honour and service. Christianity should make better 5o0\oi (cf. also Tit 2»). In 1 P 2'" dedTrbrri^ is in contrast with o/k^ti)s ; so in 2 Ti 2'-' it is 7) oLKia. ToS 5e<nr6rov. In 2 P 2' Christ is called oeo-rriTijs as One Who has purchased His servants. So also Jude* and possibly Rev 6'", though the latter may refer to God as in the LXX (cf. Gn 15^.8 etc.) and Ac4=*.
3. The other term, Kipios, has a wider meaning and is applicable to various relations and ranks of life, and does not necessarily suggest absolutism. The word is originally an adjective from Kvpos, meaning ' valid,' ' authoritative ' (6 fx"" ^Cpos), and so the ' master ' or ' owner.' It is applied to the ' masters ' who exploited the poor girl for gain in Ac IG"*- ". It stands in opposition to SoSXot, as in Eph 6'- ', Col 4'- '-, In Ac 16^" the jailer uses nvpioi merely as a term of respect to St. Paul and Silas. In 9* ('22') St. Paul uses it in asking Jesus who He is, ' Who art thou. Lord ? ' It is not certain that St. Paul here meant more than respect. It is applied to (jod as the Ruler of the universe, (ci/pios used for God is translated 'Lord' [q.v.) (cf. Ac iT-\ 1 Ti 6'=, Rev 4', etc.). With St. Paul, it may be noted, Kt''ptos usually refers to Christ (cf. Ro l^ Gal 6"^) except in the OT quotations (cf. Ro 4" 9^'- ; but note 1 Co 3'). The u.se of /crpios for Nero makes ' a polemical parallelism between the cult of Christ and the cult of Coesar' (Deissmann, Light from the Ancient East, Eng. tr., 1911, p. 353).
A. T. Robertson. MASTERS AND SERVANTS. — See Slave, Slavery.
MATTHEW (Marffaros TR, MaBeawi Lach., Tisch., WH). — The person be.aring this name in tlie NT is represented as one of the twelve apostles who before his call by Christ had been engaged as a publican or custom-house officer in Capernaum. He is also called Levi (Mk 2", Lk 5-'"), and many have supposed that he received the name Matthew ■after his call by Jesus, just as Simon became Peter. On the other hand, it seems to have been common in Galilee for a man to possess two names — a Greek and an Aramaic (cf. Edersheim, LT*,
20
MATTHIAS
MEDIATION, MEDIATOR
1887, i. 514). In the various lists of the apostles, Mattliew's name occurs seventh in Mk 3'* and Lk 6" and eighth in Mt 10' and Ac 1'^. All the Synoptists narrate the story of the call of Matthew from his tax-gatlierer's booth and tlie subsequent feast in his house which aroused the wrath of the Pharisees and led Jesua to defend Himself by the declaration : ' They that are whole have no need of a physician, but they that are sick. I came not to call the righteous "but sinners' (Mt G"-'', Mk 2"-", Lk 5"-^^'). As a publican Matthew was employed collecting the toll at Capernaum on the highway between Damascus and the Mediter- ranean, and was no doubt in the service of Herod the Tetrarch.
Matthew is called the ' son of Alphjeus ' (Mk 2"), and the question has arisen whether he is to be regarded as the brother of James the son of Alphseus (Mt lO^, Mk 3'", Lk 6", Ac 1"). In the four lists of apostles, while Matthew and James occur in the same group of four, the two are not placed alongside one another as is usual with the other pairs of brothers in the apostolic band. Again, if we identify Clopas of Jn 19=' with Alphaius of the Synoptists (Aram. Chalpliai ; cf. 1 Mac 11'"), and consequently assume that James the Less of Mk 15^" is the son of Alphoeus, it is extremely unlikely that Matthew's name would be omitted in Mk 15* if he were one of the sons of Mary and the brother of James, Joses, and Salome. Un the whole, it is almost certain that the two apostles were not related.