• Anthropological Essays, p. 92. t ERE i. 29.
I Frazer, GB\ pt. ii.. Taboo and the Perils of the Soul, pp. 349, 354 ; Clodd, pp. 166, 168, 171.
§ Jn 1143.
II Frazer, GB3, pt. il, Taboo and the Perils of the Soul, p. 365. ^ lb. pp. 374-382; Clodd, p. 157.
*• Frazer, GB3, pt. ii., ^0600 and the Perils of the Soul, p. 382: Clodd, p. 162 ff.
tt Clodd, p. T90.
jj Frazer, GB^, pt. L, The Magic Art, ii. 156.
§5 Maspero, p. 162; Erman, p. 265 ff. ; Frazer, GB^, pt. ii.. Taboo and the Perils of the Soul, p. 387 ; HDB v. 181 ; Clodd, p. 180 ff .
nil Exp, 8th ser., iv. [1912] 309.
11 H Frazer, GB^, pt. ii.. Taboo and the Perils of the Soul, p. 387.
*** Clodd, pp. 27, 49, 50. ttt ERE i. 322b.
tU Haddon, p. 24 ; ERE i. 826 ; Clodd, p. 189.
§§§ ERE ii. 35.
II nil Farnell, The Evolution of Religion, p. 32.
mini ERE ii. 11.
*•** Farnell, The Evolution of Religion, p. 185 ; Clodd, p. 174 ; Frazer, GB^, pt. ii., Taboo and the Perils of the Soul, p. 391.
tttt Anthropological Essays, p. 91.
:i:i Farnell, The Evolution of Religion, pp. 185, 187, and th« reference there to Agni.
§S§§ Quoted by Farnell, ib,
11 11 II II Anthropological Essays, p. 83.
ifAME
NAME
71
a tablet of lead found at Hadrunietuin occurs the phrase opxt'^w at TO ayior 6vo/x(i o ov AeyeTai ("I ntjjure thee by the sacred name which is not uttered ). On a papyrus u demon is adjured Kara Tuii' ■/)pt»<Ta)»' oeo/iaTwc* When Herodotus says that the l'elas<;ian (teities were nameless, he means that the names were kept secret, for a god is not nameless becjiuse he is not named or addressed only by a simple appellation. t Tlie writer of a liahylonian penitential psalm invokes a deity ' whom he knew not ' because probably he is thus deprecating the wrath of some offended deity with whose name he was unacquainted.!
Among the inhabitants of Palestine the name of Jahweh was invoked at tlie ditlerent shrines. tj Hut gradually the rites of the lult were concentrated at the Jerusalem Temple. There Jahweh caused His name to dwell. || It thus became the only jilace in which that name could be pronounced, another being used in ordinary places and at ordinary times. IT Tradition says it was uttered even in the Temple only once in the year when the high priest entered the Holy of Holies.** But the name did not, as in some other cults, develop into a separate tleity. Among the Palestinian Jews the name speedily became an bfoiia dfiprirov.if It was not to be blasphemed, JJ nor profaned as by using it in swearing falsely,§§ nor ' taken in vain, '111] for Jahweh would only be further and more fiercely enraged by any attempt to conjure with His name.ilH 'Kabbinic mysticism was deeply concerned with the history of the hidden divine name.' In the Ethiopic Enoch one of the evil angels asks Michael 'to show him the hidden name.' 'The mystical nameof God is Ani^ve-h^l," I and he, "a combination signifying the most intimate relation conceivable between God and His people.'*** The opposite of this respectful reverence for the name of a deity is blnspheinji, which may be the claim in either word or deed to do what can be done only by a god, or done in his name — a crime the Jews preferred against our Lord.ttt or tlie actual heaping of abuse on the name. When the fourth angel of the plagues poured out his bowl upon the sun, and men were scorched by its fierce heat, they ' blas- phemed the name of the God who had control over the plagues.' The Beast revealed his true character in that he uttered ' blasphemies against God, to blaspheme his name.' JtJ The. conduct of the Jews who prided themselves in God, relying on the Law, and teaching it, while violating it in daily life, caused the Gentiles to ' blaspheme the name of God ' ; similarly Christian slaves who failed in their duty to their masters caused the name of God to be blasphemed. §§§ It is noticeable that immediately after our Lord's death His followers considered His name as sacred as that of Jahweh. St. Paul looking back on his pre-con- ver.sion attitude to Jesus calls himself a blasphemer, a designation the meaning of which becomes clear when we learn that the cruelty of his persecution of the Christians consisted in his compelling them to blaspheme, to pour abuse on the name of Jesus. St. James points out that the powerful plutocrats not only abused the Christians to whom he wrote but openly blasphemed the noble name they bore. Ill] II
8. Exorcism in the name. — A divinity exer- cised power over another divinity if he possessed stronger mana than the other. When men believed
• Deissmann, Bible Studies, pp. 273 B., 288, and the reference there to Josephus.
t Farnell, The Evolution of Religion, p. 186 ; Anthropologitat Essays, p. 91.
t Savce, pp. 304, 3.51, 353. { Ex 20".
II Dt 125 ojj- . nujg iii 479_ y_ 541
^ Deissmann, Bible Studies, p. 287.
•• HDB iv. 604, v. 280. tt Lv 2415 ; JJDB v. 280a.