of demons and all kinds of diseases.'
In the
Dircctormm Anglicamim a form is given for the exorcism of water, salt, and flowers for decoration, in the Triune Name. §§§ The practice, if we may so term it, has not yet ceased. Baroness de Bertouch tells us that Ignatius is said on one occasion, over a girl who had died of typhoid fever, to have pronounced the words, 'In the name of Jesus Cluist, I say unto thee. Arise,' and the dead girl came back to life; on another, using the same formula, to have raised to life a man who had been
• Hermas, Vis. iv. ii. 4 ; Sim. IX. xii. 5, 4.
t Justin Martyr, Apol. ii. 8. } Dial. 30.
S IIj. 131. II lb. 76.
II Ih. S.'i. *• c. Cels. i. 26.
tt III. i, 6. tX lb.
§5 /(<. i. 26, V. 46. Vide Idol. \6.
'n Deissmann. Light from the Ant. East, p. 416.
... pEFSt, 1892, p. 144.
ttt Con\beare, Miilh Magic and Morals, p. 243.
}{} Exp7' xxi. [1900-10] 4U3.
§§§ Directorium Anglicanum^, ed. F. G. Lee, 1866, p. 327.
NAME
NAME
crushed by a crate of stone 'to a mass of pulp.'* And the ancient expression, if not the old magic meaning, still lingers in iiopuhir religious phrases, and in such hymns as ' All hail the power of Jesus' name.'
9. Baptism in the Name. — At a very early period man iliscovered that water removed physical impurities. Evil was primarily thought of as physical, hence water cleansed from it. When evil came to be regarded as something spiritual, washing with water developed into a cerenumial rite.t As such it removed tabus, purilied from evil and acted 'as a kind of m.agic armour whiiOi turns aside the attacks of a visible or invisible foe.'t Such ceremonial or religious washing was a conmion practice among the nations of antii^uity and remains so among the peoples of the lower culture to-day. It was a well-known rite among the Jews.§ Among the Essenes a candidate for admission to the Order, after one year's trial, entered on a second year's probation and was then allowed to share their bath of purification.il Proselytes were admitted to the fold of Judaism by baptism, which was at once a purification from heathenism and an initiation or consecration of the convert. At this baptism there was a ' solemn invocation of the Lord as Protector.' IT
Wlien John began his ministry he also practised baptism, explaining that it .symbolized such a re- pentance and confession as resulted in a remission of sins.** To the Pharisees this baptism appeared illegitimate and impotent, because John was desti- tute of matin, as was evidenced by the fact that he did not perform any sign, and that he admitted he was not the Messiah, nor Elijah, nor the Prophet. tt .John's ex]il,anation was that he was merely baptiz- ing with water, but that bis successor's baptism would be baptism with the Holy Spirit and fire.JJ
In strict conformity w'ith this Jesus did not use water-baptism. So far as we know, He baptized none of His disciples, though His disciples (some of whom had been baptized bj' John) continued John's practice. This was during the early Judfean ministry. §§ After that baptism is never mentioned. There is no indication that it was practised, and of those who are said to have believed on, or followed, Jesus, there is no hint that any were bajitized, though it can scarcely be doubted that the followers of Jesus, like the Jews and the Essenes, continued the ceremonial washings.
When therefore at Pentecost flames resting on the heads of those present and the descent of the Spirit fulfilled the prediction of John and of Jesus, and seemed to herald the catastrophe predicted by Joel when he only would be saved ' who invoked the name of the Lord,' St. Peter instinctively sum- moned his hearers to repentance, signified and symbolized by a baptism in which the name of Jesus Christ was solemnly invoked. We may well conclude that subsequent Jewish converts were baptized into the name of Jesus.lHI When Philip preached to the Samaritans 'good tidings concern- ing the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ ' the converts were ' baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus.' ITIT When St. Paul was con- verted he was baptized ' invoking the name ' of Jesus.*** When the Holy Spirit descended on the Gentiles at Ctesarea, Peter ' ordered them to be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ.' t+t When the disciples of John at Ephesus believed, ' they had
* Baroness de Bertouch, Life of Father Ignatius, 1904, pp. 87, 117, 373, 493.
t A'A'fJii. 367. ! 76. ii. 368.
§ Ih. ii. 408 ; Mk T--^ Lk 1138. u Jos. BJ n. viii. 7.
^ ERE ii. 376. •• Mt 3», ms. I*, Lk 33, Ao 13".
tt JnlO«, Mt21=5, Jnl«.
! t Jn l^i" 31 S), Mk 18, Mt 3", Lk 315- 1«, Ac 15 1118 193- *- ».
5§ Jn 42. 3.5.40 ; of. Lk 729, Jn 322 42.
II |] Ac 221. 38. 41. ^^ Ac 812-16.
♦«• Ac 9'S 2216. ttt Ac 10". 48.
themselves baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus.'* That baptism into the name of Jesus was the regular practice is clear from such expres- sions as 'baptized into Christ Jesus,' 'was it in Paul's name that you were baptized?,' 'no one can say you were ba|)tized in my name,' ' baptized into Moses,' 'baptized into Christ' ;t while other passages in the Epistles tend to coniirm this.t In the ca.se of the eunuch, Lydia, the jailor, Crispus and the other Corinthians, their baptism is re- corded, but it is not said that the name of Jesus was invoked ; but a study of the case of the eunuch makes such invocation almost certain, and in the other cases there is no reason to doubt th:it the usual practice was followed. § Of Apollos and others it is not said that they were Liajitized.H The references to a name in connexion with baptism in the Apostolic Fathers tend to confirm this view. Hernias portrays the Church as a ' tower built upon the waters . . . founded on the word of the almighty and glorious name.' Re- ferring to the state of a man before his baptism, it is said, ' before a man bears the name of tlie son of God he is dead.' IT Tlie Didachc speaks of 'those baptized into the name of the Lord.' ** The practice of baptizing into the name of Jesus continued into the 3rd cent., when Pope Stephen, in opposition to Cyprian and the Apostolic Canons, declared such baptism to be invalid. tt