We know too well that it is possible for a re- ligious teacher to give utterance to the noblest of sentiments and yet not rise in practice above the levels of selfishness ; but it is difficult to read the innumerable passages in which St. Paul entreats and encourages his converts to follow after holiness without believing that he was for ever following after it himself ; and, although he did not claim to have already attained or to be already perfect, he could, when occasion required, challenge his converts to bear witness to his walk and conversa- tion in their midst — ' Ye are witnesses, and God also, how holily and righteously and unblameably we behaved ourselves toward you' (1 Th 2'") — and he could call upon them to be imitators of him, as he also was of Christ (1 Co IP). As the years increased, and the effects of abuse and imprisonment began to tell on his bodily frame, his heart began to solicit the peace and perfection of a better world — ' Our citizenship is in heaven, from whence also we wait for a Saviour, the Lord Jesus Christ' (Pb 3^°) — or at least to be divided between such yearnings and the attraction of his work — ' I am in a strait betwixt the two, having the desire to depart and be with Christ ; for it is very far better : yet to abide in the flesh is more needful for your sake' (1^). At last, in a pass- age of his final Epistle, which even the most nega- tive of critics have been fain to vindicate in some way for him, we see the spirit poised in the very attitude of flight : ' I am already being ofi'ered, and the time of my departure is come. I have fought the good fight, I have finished the course, I have kept the faith : henceforth there is laid np for me the crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, shall give to me at that day : and not only to me, but also to all them that have loved his appearing' (2 Ti4''*).
LlTBRATURE. — In Enjrlish theolog^y no department has been cultivated more credit:ibly than the Life of St. Paul. The great %vork of Conybeare-Howson, which appeared in 1853, was epoch-makinff, and is still far from superseded. T. Lewin's, which appeared about the same time, is built on similar lines and is rich in illustrations from antiquities. F. W. Farrar's (1879) embodied the results of these predecessors with a fuller exposition of the thinking. From the pen of W. M. Ramsay has come a whole library of works on St. Paul — Tke Historical
Gfofjraphy o/ Agia Mint/r, 1890, The Church in the Roman Kinpirt^, 1S93, St. J'aut the Traveller and the Roman Citizi'H, 1895, Historical t'ominentary on St. J'ltul's Epistle to the Gala- tiait^, 1899, J'auline and other Studies in Early Christian Uiiitary, 1900, Ttte Cities of St. Paul, 1907, Luke the Physician, 1908, The Teaching o/ Paul in Terms of the Present Day, 1913, The Bearing of Recent Discovery oiithi: Trustworthiness of the NT, 1916, by which a deep impression has been made, in favour of positive views, not only in tiie Kti^dish-speakiii^' countries but on the continent of Europe. Of smaller books may be men- tioned J. Iverach's in the Men of the liittle series, and A. E. Garvie's in the Century Bible Handbooks (1910); several valu- able American works may also be named, such as those In G. H. Gilbert (1899), O. Cone (1898), A. T. Robertson (1909), and
B. W. Bacon (1905). Of the German works a history has been written by A. Schweitzer (Geschichte der paulin. Eorschung von der Hefonnatiun bis auf die Gegenwart, 1911 ; books in English are omitted, because the author does not know the language); but it cannot be claimed that these are of the same calibre as those in English, except on the side of criticism. F.
C. Baur's great work, Paulus der Apustel, 1845, raised pro- found critical questions, which have been agitating the scholar- ship of tiermany ever since, hut it was no gift to the German people, bringing a great religious character home to their in- telligence and affection, as Conybeare and Howson's Life was to the English-speaking world. That of A. Hausrath (1865) exhibited tine qualities of style. The two volumes of C. Clemen (Paulus. Sein Leben und ii'irken, 1904) have been sufficiently characterized above. Smaller books of note have recently appeared by H. Weinel (Eng. tr., 1906), W. Wrede (Eng. tr., 1900), E. Viscber (1910), but that of A. Deissmann (Eng. tr., 1912) stands out by itself on account of the breath of the open air felt everywhere in its pages and the author's enthusiasm for the subject. The Germans themselves seem to find most satisfaction in the life of St. Paul contained in The Apostolic Age of C. V. Weizsacker (Eng. tr., 1894-95) (see the remarks in P. Wernle's Eiittuhrung in das theologische Studium, 1908), who was a fine spirit but too subject to the critical tendencies of the time in which he lived. Of the works in French, that of Adolphe Monod has already been characterized ; that of E. Renan (Eng. tr., 1869) has qualities of its own which cannot be neglected ; and that of C. Fouard (Eng. tr., 1894) is highly spoken of.