A few more notes may be added under each of the divisions of the whole subject adopted above.
(1) Sources. — Here commentaries on the Acts and on the Epistles, severally or collectively, might be mentioned, but these will be found elsewhere in this Dictionary. A few works, however, on special points may be mentioned : — F. H. Chase, The Credibility of the Book of the Acts of the Apostles, 1902 ; G. Honnicke, Die Chronologic des Lebens des Apostels Paulus, 1903 ; D. Round, The Date of St. Paul's Epistle to the Gala- tians, 1906 ; J. D. James, The Genuineness and Authorship of the Pastoral Epistles, 1906 (on the same subject as an Essay by G. G. Findlav in Appendix to A. Sabatier's The Apostle Paul, Eng. tr., 1891); Dykes Shaw, The Pauline Epistles, 1903. It will be found useful to read over both Acts and Epistles in un- conventional translations— TAe Twentieth Century yew Testa- ment (21904), J. Moffatt, The New Testament: A New Trans- lation (31914), and especially R. F. Weymoutll, 2'Ae Neto Testament in Modem Speech, 1903 (31912).
(2) Life. — On the world into which St. Paul was born the works on NT Times are important, such as those of A. Haus- rath (Eng. tr., 1896), E. Schiirer (BJP, 1886-90), and O. Holtzmann (Eng. tr., 1904), as well as the handbooks bv R. Waddy Moss (1903), L. A. Muirhead C-IOOS), and W. Fair- weather (1895). See also The Background of tlie Gospels, 1908, of the last mentioned. On St. Paul's conversion : G. L. Lyttelton, Observations on the Conversion, etc. of Paul, 176S, new ed., 1879 ; E. Moske, Die Bekehrung des heiligen Paulus, 1907. On St. Paul in Athens : works by W. Lindsay Alex- ander (1865), C. Shakespeare (1878), E. Curtius, 'Paulus in Athen,' in SBA W, 1893. See also J. Smith, Voyage and Ship- wreck of St. Paul', 1880 ; R. Steinmetz, Die zweite rbmische Gefangenschaft des Apostels Paulus, 1897.
(3) Beliefs. — O. Pfleiderer's Paulinism i^^n^. tr., 1877) long did good service, but it may be said now to have been super- sede'! by such works as A. B. Bruce, St. Paul's Conception of Christianity, 1894 ; G. B. Stevens, The Pauline Theology, 1892 : G. H. Gilbert, The First Interpreters of Jesus, 1901 ; and W. P. DuBose, The Gospel according to St. Paul, 1907. It has, howev*», been hinted above that the best expositions of Paulinism aj*, tO be found in the works on NT Theology, which are numerous and excellent, such as those of B. Weiss (Eng. tr., 1882-83), W. Beyschlag (Eng. tr., 1895), H. J. Holtzmann (21911), P. Peine (21911), A. Schlatter (1909-10), H. Weinel (21913), E. W. E. Reuss(Eng. tr., 1872-74), J. BovonCn902-05), G. B. Stevens (1899), to which add A. "Titius, Die neutest. Lehre von der Seligkeit, 1896-1900. There are many monographs on special points such as the following :— On St. Paul's views of Sin, works by E. MSn^goz (1882) and P. Wemle (1897) ; on his P3.vchoIogy, works bv W. P. Dickson (St. Paul's Use of the Terms Flesh and Spirit, 1883) and T. Simon (1897) ; on his Christology, works bv M. Briickner (1903), H. Schmidt (1867),
D. Somerville (St. Paul's Conciptimi of Christ, 1897) ; on his Ethics, works bv H. L. Ernesti (1876), A. Juncker (1904), A. B.
D. Alexander (1910) ; on his Pastoral Teaching, works by W.
E. Chadwick (1907) (who has also a volume on his Social Teacliing, 1906) and G. Pahncke (1906) ; on his Escbatology, works bv R. Kabisch (1893). E. Teichmann (1896), H. A. A. Kennedy (1904). W. M. Macgregor's Christian Freedom,
PAULUS
PEACE
159
1914, Isa treatise on the theology of the Epistle to the Galatiana, On tlie Stvle of St. Paul see, nesides the works referred to in the text, J. S. Howson, The Metaphors of St. Paul, new ed., 188.'! ; R. R. Resker, ^"^ I'aufs Illustrations, 190S ; J. Weiss, Jleitrtifje znr pauiinifichen Rhetorik, 1897.
(4) I'KiisoN'AMTY. — There is a good chapter on the peraonallty of ,St. Paul in A. E. Garvie's Studies o/ Paul and his Gospel, 1911. The question of the relation of St. Paul to contemporary religions and religious movements was brought into prominence bv E. Hatch, The Organization of the Early Christian Churches (BL), 1881 (Germ. tr. A. Ilarnaok, 18S3), and later hy F. Cumont, Les Heliffions orientalesdans lepaijanisine roinain, 1900, but especially by R. Reitzenstein, Die hettenistisehen 3t ysterienreiiiiionen, 1910. A very symiuithetic statement of the results w'ill be found in B. W. Bacon, The Story o/ St. Paul, 190.'), and a criticism, not synipathetic but searching, in H. A. A. Kennedy, St. Paul and the ilysleru-Iteliniims, 1913. See .also S. J. Case, The Evolution of Earlif Christianity, 1914. On the question fornuilated by W. H. Johnston, art. 'Was Paul the Founder of Christianity?' in Prhiceton Theological Heview, v. [1907] 398 tf., see A. Meyer, Wer hat das Christen- turn bcgrundet, Jesus oder J'aultis?, 1907; P. Peine, Jesus Chri.^tus und Paulus, 1902; M. Goguel, L'Ap^Ire Paul et Ji>sus Christ, 1904; J. Kaftan, Jesus und I'auttis. 1900; A. Jiilicher. Paulus und Jesu.s, 1907 ; W. Walther, Pauli Chris- tentujn Jesu Eoan<jelium, 1908 ; J. Weiss, J'aulus und Jesus, 1909. On the relation of the teaching of St. Paul to that of Jesus there is an important work by A. Resch. ' Per Paulin- ismus und die Logia Jesu ' in TU, new ser. xii. [1904] ; see also R. J. Drummona, The Relation of the Apostolic Teaching to the Teaching of Christ, 1901. JAMES STALKER.