6? Philo's significance for the Apostolic Age.- Th^ Fathers esteemed Philo as a witness in favour of early Christian monasticism ; besides, they used h s doc^trine of the Logos and h s method o inter- pretation for their Christological constructions ?Iis influence is undeniable, from the apologists of tlie 2nd cent, onwards. It is open to question however how far his influence extended in earlier ChristSnity e.g. on St. Paul and St. John, and h, oai fcular on the author of Hebrews. I- ormer g raUonfof critics, e.g Gfrorer and the Tubingen School, made the mistake of taking Philo as the one exponent of Hellenistic thought. Ihey did not reaW that he was neither the on y nor the earliest tentative of a Jewish philosophy of reu' ion They did not know, nor could they, Ihat non-Jewisl Hellenism had P-duced s^oinething similar, and that it also ^f^^nced early Christ, anity independently . As for St Paul ^t is not
Philo bat at best his foj'^™""';'^'. ^'^tlpllenistk Wisdom, that accounts for certain Hellenistic thouM"s • but even this has not been proved (see, aS-t E. Grafe, 'DaB Verhaltnisder paul^sche^^^ Schriften zur Sapientia Salomonis, m •^''«<''''fl'"™^ Mha^nungenJ■vonWe^zsacker,zuse^n^^
Cfburtstaae gewidmet, Freiburg i. B., ISOA PP- 251-286 F. Focke, ' Die Entstehung der Weishe.t laloraos'' in Forsckungm zur Beligion und Litera- mrdesAUcnund Ncuen Testaments n^^^'^^r v noisfl 13-126). ApoUos, a certain Jew born at Alexandria an eloquent man, mighty m the ScrToUires (Ac 18=-), was not necessarily a pupil of
^me of Hermes Trismegistos) and Posidonius of
Ti^mea fre often referred to -''"e „^^ if ^^^ie former times would I'ave referred to I lol he nrolocrue of the Fourth Gospel (Jn ly ). t/'eatea l'^ „°w,a^ time by many scholars almost as a Plironea"n% eTe! is often i^nterpreted now without Tny reference to Philo, by recurring immediately fo the popular philosophy of the time. Thus Philo's importanc^e is becoming less and less proni.- nent! even^vith those scholars ^vho.are prepa ed to f nd forei<-n influence active m primitive Ohristi- .nitv Nevertheless, Philo will always be a good wit/ess to the amalgamation of OT rel.gmnw.th HeUenistic thought. He is ?ot a source of but a narallel to the Same mixture in early Ohristianicy , Td it is certain that he prepared the soil for its seed.
L
PHILOLOGUS
PUCEDE
liol
Literature.— (1) Editions of Philo's works : T. Mangey, 2 vols., London, 1742; L. Cohn and P. Wendland, Berlin, 1S!)(; (in course of issue, 6 vols. ; 2 or 3 more to follow) ; C. E. Richter, 8 vols., Leipzig, 1823-30; Tauchnitz ed., 8 vols., do., lsr>l-53 ; J. R. Harris, Frai/ments of Philo Judams^ Cambridsre, 1886; P. Wendland, Xeiu'iil'deckle Fratjmente Philas, Berlin. 1891 ; F. C. Conybeare, Plule about the Con- templative Life, O.xford, 1895 ; Gltui. tr. by L. Cohn and others, 2 vols., Breslau, 1900-10; Ensf. tr. by C. D. Yonge, 4 vols., London, 1864-55.
(2) G. L. Grossmann, Qxuvntiones Philoneae, Leipzig, 1829 ; A. Gfrorer, Pltiln und die atexandrinische Theosophie-, Stuttgart, lS31-;^5 ( = Kritisclie Gcschicfite des Urchristentums, \.) ; C. Siegfried, Philo von Atexandria ah Auslajer des Atte7l Testamcntit, Jena. 1875 ; H. Windisch, Die Fnnmnifikeit Philos tiild ihre Bedetttung /iir das Christentunl, Leipzig;:, 1909; J. Reville, Le Logos d'apr^s Philon d' Atexandnc, I'aris, 1877, La doctrine du Logos daJis le quairi^me fleangile et dans les anivrcs de Philon, do., 1881 ; M. Heinze, Die Lehrevom Logos, Leipzig;, 1872; A. Aall, Der Logos, do., 189(1-99; T. Simon, Der Logos, do., 1902 ; H. J. Flipse, de Vocis qnoB est Aoyos significatione atque u~^u, Leiden, 19U2 ; L. Cohn, * Die Lehre vom Loj^os bei Philo,' in Festschrift Cohen (Judaica, Berlin, 1912, pp. 303-331) ; E. Br^hier, Les idies philosophiqrws et religiettse^ ae Philon d'Alexondrie, Paris, 1907; M. Freudenthal, Z>ie Erkenntni^lehre Philos von Alexandria, Berlin, 1891 ; L. Massebieau. Leclasseinent des oeuin'es de Philon, Paris, 1889; L. Cohn, 'Einteilung und Chronologie der Schriften Philos' {I'hilohgii-s, Suppl. vii.), Leipzig, 1S99 ; H. von Arnim. Quellen- sludien zu Philo von Alexandria, Berlin, 18SS; B. Ritter, J'hita und die Halacha, Leipzig, 1879 ; P. Kriiger, f'hilo und Josephrts als Apologetendes Judentujns, do., 19(.'0 ; P. Heinisch, * Der Einfluss Philos auf die alteste christliche Exegese,' Alttestainentliche Abhandlungen, Miuister, V^OS ; E. Schiirer, GJV iii.-' [Leipzig, 1909) 633-716; W. Bousset, Die Religion des Judentums-, Berlin, 1906, pp. 603-524.
E. VON DobschOtz. PHILOLOGUS {'ii\6\oyoi, a Greek name, common
among slaves and freedmen and frequently found in inscriptions of the Imperial household). — Philo- logus is the first of a group of live persons ' and all the saints that are with them ' saluted by St. Paul in Ro 16'^ Philologus is coupled with Julia {q.v.), and they may have been brother and sister or more probably husband and wife. If this be so, Philologus and Julia were perhaps the parents of ' Nereus and his sister and Olympas,' and this family were the nucleus of the Christian com- munity which met under their leaderslyp in their house (cf. tlie salutation to Prisca and Aquila, a married couple, ' and the church that is in their hou.se' [vv.^"'] ; see, however, J. A. Robinson, Ephesians, 1909, p. 281). The relationship of Pliilologus to the persons mentioned also by name is, however, purely conjectural, as nothing further is known of anj' member of this group. Another group of live persons (none of whom are women) ' and the brethren that are with them ' are saluted in the preceding verse, and it is reasonable to sup- pose that in each case the persons named were, by virtue of seniority as Christians, either leaders of a single (KKXrjaia, or heads (jointly if a married couple) of separate churches. The locality to which we shall suppo.se these churches belonged will depend upon whether we think the destination of these salutations was Rome or Ephesus.