In these Hellenistic cities the Jews relaxed their strictness so much that the orthodox counted them degenerate. There is a bitter saying in the Talmud to the effect that the baths and wines of Phrygia had separated the ' Ten Tribes ' from the brethren (A. Neubauer, La Giogr. du Talmud, 1868, p. 315). This very liberalism, however, probably made the reaction of the Jews on their environment all the greater, and St. Paul found in
the cities of Phrygia numerous proselytes, whose minds proved the best soil for the seed of the evangel. The case of Timothy of Lyslra, the son of a Greek father and a Jewish motlier, uncircum- cised and yet acquainted from his childhood with the Scriptures, was [uobalily typical.
i'hrygia was one of tlu^ lirst parts of Asia Minor to be generally Christianized. Not a few Christian mon\iments of the 2iKi cent., and very manj' of the 3rd, have been found in the country. Eusebius (HE viii. 11) says that in the time of Diocletian there was a Phrygian city in which every single soul was Christian. The enthusiasm with which the pagan Phrygians were in the habit of throwing themselves into the worship of Cybele re-appeared in the Phrygian type of Christianity, which gave birth to Montanism with its spiritual ecstasies and prophetic visions.
For the difficult phrases rtiv ^pvylav Kal VaXanKriy XttJpaf (Ac 16'*) and ttjv FaXartK-ijv x^P^" '^^^ ^pvylaf (18'^) and the rival tlieories of tlie North and South Galatians see Galatia, and Galatians, Epistle to the, § 5.
Literature. — C. Ritter, Die Erdkunde von Asien, 1822-59; W. M. Ramsay, The Chitrch in the Jionian Empire, 1893, p. 74 f., St. Paul the Traveller, isns, p. 194 f., Uist. Com. on Galatians, 1899, The Cities of St. Paul, 1907 ; G. and A. K. Kbrte, Gordion, 1904 ; C. v. Weizsacker, The Apostolic A <ie oj the ChriMinn Church, Eng. tr., 1894-95, i. 273 f. ; A. C. McGifTert, A History of Christianity in the Apostolic Age, 1897, p. 235;
J. Moffatt, LST, 1911, p. 93 1. James Strahan.
PHYGELUS.— Phygelus is mentioned with Her- mogenes in 2 Ti 1'° as among the disciples in pro- consular Asia who had turned away from [i.e. repudiated) the writer, afraid or ashamed to recog- nize him (being a pri-soner), and are thus contrasted with Onesiphorus [q.v.). The pseudo-Dorotheus of Tyre makes both Phygelus and Hermogenes to be- long to the seventy disciples, and the former to be a follower of Simon Magus and afterwards bishop of E]iliesus, and tlie latter bishop of Megara. In the Acts of Paul and Thecla, Denias and Hermogenes are named as Paul's fellow-travellers, full of hypo- crisy, when he fled from Antioch to Iconium and enioved the hospitality of Onesiphorus.
' ^ W. F. Cobb.
PHYSICIAN. — Oursourcesof knowledge of Greek medicine and physicians are (1) works of ancient physicians ; (2) notices of early writers concerning Greek medicine and physicians, as Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch, Pausanias, and Galen ; (3) various medi- cal instruments in the great museums of Athens, Berlin, Paris, and London, such as knives, probes, needles, balsam cups ; (4) inscriptions and papyri ; (5) altars, temples, and caves ; (6) images of gods and votive ofl'erings.
Our earliest account of Greek medicine and physici.ans is in the Homeric poems. There were two sources of disease — supernatural, referred to the wrath of gods, as plague and melancholia ; and natural, as from drugs or wounds. Already phy- sicians were called demiurges and were recognized as public .servants. The most famous were Askle- pios and his two sons. According to Homer and Hesiod, Asklepios was a The-ssalian prince who h,ad learned from Cheiron about drugs. Later, Apollo was assigned as his father, and a snake became the symbol of his healing power. His two sons — ' the cunning leeches' — were Machaon, to whom he taught surgery, and Podaleirios, to whom he t.auglit medicine, which he himself preferred. Homer said, ' a physician outweighs many other men ' [II. xi. 514). Drugs were used for poison, charms, sooth- ing pain, and healing wounds. Battles were occasion for many bodily injuries and became an incentive for medical and surgical tact. Ana- tomical knowledge was slight, and was gained from sacrificial victims and from those wounded in battle.
PHYSICIAN
PHYSICIAN
235
There was no connexion between priests and medi- cal men; only as priest was Calchas summoned during the plague. Women, as Helen and Agamede, bad medical knowledge. .,, ■ n,.„„„o
Tlie cull of Asklepios nourished widely in Gieece and Asia Minor. In the traditions concerning him, that whicli associated him wil h bpidanros hnally pre-
vailed. Shrines were dedicated to him ; one might even call these dwWcjuJi hon>ita.\s, HeilstatU. Ut these there were more than 300 at Athens, Cnidos, Cos (the ruins of w)iich have l)een nncovered witluii the last few years), Delphi, Pergamos Rhodes, an.l Troezen They were usually situated in salubrious places, on mountain-sides, by pure fountains or streams, by mineral or hot springs. They we e cared for with fastidious cleanliness None could get the benefit of them without preliminary rites -shampooing, baths, friction, fasting, abstinence from food and wine ; nor were religious rites of an impressive character, including music, overlooked. Those who were to be treated were shown votive otterings and inscriptions of those who bad been healed To the divinity there was the sacrihce ot a "oat or ram, a cock or ben, acconipanied by fervent prayer for succour. In an attitude of in- tense expectancy the sutterer slept in the abatons near the statue of Asklepios on a bed or m the nei-'bbourhood of the temple on askm of the sacri- ticial victim, where, as be fell into a deep slumber, the divinity awaited him. Whatever of surgery was applied, as of binding or anointing, was prob- ablv performed by temple attendants, whom the patient's dream identified with supernatural power. Theurgy was thus joined to natural means of cure. The death of a patient was attributed to his lack of confidence. In the asklepia were case-books lett by the patients which recorded symptoms, treat- ment, and result. , r ti A„1-1o Gymnasia existed in Greece before the Askle- piadk began to practise medicine. These provided three orders of service : the director-gymnasiarcli ; the subordinate who had charge of pharmacy with reference to the sick ; those who gave massage put up prescriptions, bled, dressed wounds and ulcers and reduced dislocations. Gymnasts by reason ot their experience were often called in to treat in- iuries, dislocations, or fractures before the arrival of the physician. Naturally the influence of these men increased. They were of special use where baths, dietaries, and physical manipulations were indicated. , ^, .„ In addition to the priests and the gymnasts, there were earlier Asklepiada;— hereditary phy- sicians whose medical art was handed down from father to son. Later, promising youths from out- side were trained for this practice. Physicians were put in charge during epidemics, gave expert testimony in courts, accompanied armies and fleets, and practised at places provided at public expen.se. Anatomy was learned from oral and writ_ten tratU- tion from sacrifices and domestication of animals, iniu'ries in the gymnasia, from bodies long exposed to the elements or to wild animals, and from dis- section of wild animals. Many gatherers and dis- tillers of roots and herbs set themselves up in busi-