W. M. Grant.
PIPE, FLUTE {avUs, from avetv ' to blow').— The word and its cognate forms ajjpear live times in the NT. Two of these have been noted under art. Minstrels, where it is pointed out that ai'Xjjr^s in Mt 9'-^ is translated ' minstrel ' and in Rev 18-^ ' piper,' though in each case the RV has the more correct ' flute-player.' av\6s and aiiXov/xevof occur in 1 Co 14' : '. . . whether pipe or harp, except they give a distinction in the sounds, how shall it be known what is piped or harped ?' By this musical illustration St. Paul expounds his teaching regard- ing the apostolic gift of speaking with tongues. auWw occurs in Mt 11" and its parallel in Lk 7^^: ' we have piped unto you, and ye have not danced. ..."
The three traditional wind instruments of Hebrew music (which must guide us in a dis- cussion of the instruments of the Apostolic Age) were the flute, horn, and trumpet ; and of these the flute was most often used. From very early days the 'peaceful flute' had an important part in the observance of Jewish ritual. As we learn from Is 30'-', it was played during the procession to the Temple of the pilgrims who kept the Feast of Tabernacles, and its use at other national festivals can be proved. On the more domestic occasions of rejoicing, such as marriages and dances, the flute- player was also considered necessar}' for their proper celebration ; and Mt 11" shows that the musical accompaniment of festivity was continued in NT times. But the flute was also the charac- teristic instrument in the ritual of mourning. Evidence of this may be found in the literature of most ancient n.ations. Amongst the Romans the designator and his lictores made the tibicines and other musicians take the forefront of the funeral processions. As Ovid, in Fasti vi. 657 S., wrote :
*Temporibus veterum tibicinis usus avorum Magnus, er, in magno semper honore fuit. Cantahat fanis, cantabat tibia ludis, Cantabat niiestis tibia funeribus.'
In Jer 48"^ there is allusion to funereal flute- playing, and there were minstrels, as we have seen, at the raising of Jairus' daughter (Mt 9^). In the time of Clirist even the poorest households pro- vided flute-players at the funerals of their dead.
Perhaps the best instance of this use of the flute is given by J. Wellliausen in his Ajipendix to Psalms (llaupt's PB, 1898, !>. 219), where he cites the Jewish lamentation at the fall of Jotapata as recorded in Josephus, BJ III. ix. 5.
When we attempt to describe these flutes, we must not think of the modern keyed flute intro- duced by Theodore Boehm, but of something much more primitive. Yet there were in the earliest times several <listin(!t varieties of flute-like instru- ments which rouglily correspond to the Jli'ite a bee and \\\eJlutR trnvnrsiire. These were made of reed and wood, though in later times bone and ivory were used ; and they varied in length as in the number of their (inger-holes. Ancient monuments, Egyptian and A.ssyrian, have representations of the long flute blown at one end — a tyjie that has developed into the flageolet — and of tlie kind that had a lateral hole near the end of the iii.strument. Double flutes are also depicted, i.e. a variety that consisted of two fairly long tubes united at the one mouthpiece, which probably made possilile notes of considerable compass.
It cannot be said with certainty which types are represented by the ^•'717 and the ajfji of the Jews. According to tradition, the latter was in the form of a Pan's pipe. Archibald Main.
PISIDIA (XlLdiSla). — Pisidia was a rugged and mountainous country in the south of Asia Minor, bounded on tlie N. by Phrygia, on the S. by the coast-land of Pamphylia, on the W. by Lycia, and on the E. by Isauria. Its length from W. to E. was about 120 miles, and its breadth 50 miles. It was a land of beautiful lakes — Limnai, Caralis, Ascania, and others — and of torrents growing into rivers — the Oestrus, the Eurymedon, and theMelas — which discharged themselves into the Pam- phylian Sea. The semi-savage Pisidians, wholly untouched by the Hellenizing influences which were gradually affecting the other Anatoli.an races, had their homes in the upper valleys and strong fastnesses of this secluded region. Strabo (xil. vii. 1-3) gives details which enable us to realize their life. 'Among the summits of Taurus is a very fertile tract capable of maintaining many thousand inhabitants. Many spots produce the olive and excellent vines, and afford abundant pasture for animals of all kinds. Above and all around are forests containing trees of various sorts.' The mountaineers were 'governed by hereditary chieftains,' and followed 'a predatory mode of life,' carrying on a continual warfare with the kings to the N. and the S. of their territories.
The task of subjugating them was at first en- trusted by the Romans to Amyntas, a brave and capable Galatian oflicer whom Slark Antony made king of Galatia in 36 B.C. His work was advan- cing towards success, when he lost his life in an expedition against the Homonades, to the W. of Lycaonia (25 B.C.). The Romans themselves were then obliged to complete the task of reducing the refractory highlanders. About 6 B.C. Augustus established a series of garrison towns on the flanks of Pisidia and Isauria. Supplying Antioch with veterans and re-oiganizing it in Roman fashion, he built one military road to connect it with the colonics which he planted in Olbasa, Comama, and Cremna for the control of the western region, and another to join it with Parlais and Lystra, which were intended to hold the eastern tribes in check.