the final scrutiny upon the records of service lakes place (cf, Ro 2'^). This shows that the equivalence of reward and service is not a mechanical equivalence or even a purely juridical verdict, but, as in the teaching of Jesus, a gracious act of God. This is confirmed by the fact that the deeds for which men are rewarded are done under the inspiring Spirit; they are the outcome of a process (Gal 6'-^-^ Q'^), arui the very process is more than a human achievement. The Pauline doctrine thus differs from the Jewish conception of the Judgment,* which tended to fix a man's fate by the tally of meritorious actions which he could produce at the end, one of these being faith or fidelity. To St. Paul, faith is the principle which inspires the whole process of conduct.t
The religious interest in this reward of service and conduct is expressed in the original form of the prayer in the Te Deuia: ' We believe that thou shalt come to be our judge. We there- fore pray thee, help thy servants, whom thou hast redeemed with thy precious blood ; make them to be rewarded (not 'numbered' — the true reading is ' munerari,* not 'numerari') with thy saints in glory everlasting.' The tone of this petition recalls the spirit of St. Paul's emphasis on judgment or praise for the Christian at the end. He employs terms which literally are incompatible with bis original view of justification, but he employs them in such a way as to urge ethical responsibility without compromising the grace of God or affording any ground for the unhealthy Ka.vxT){Ti^ which it was his relentless aim to eradicate from righteousness at any stage and in any form of the religious experience.
Literature. — The linguistic data are stated fully in H. Cremer's Bibl.-Theol. Lexicon of NT Greek, Eng. tr., Edin- burgh, 1878, pp. 183-200, and J. Morison's monograph, A Critical Exposition of the Third Chapter of Romans, London, 1866, p. 165, etc., by J. Massie in Exp, Ist ser., viii. [IShO] 257-269, and in P. Feine's Theologie des Meuen Testame7it6'^, Leipzig, 1911, p. 338 f. The most notable of the special articles and monographs in recent years are: G. A. Fricke's Der paulinisciie Qrundbegriff der SiKaioa-vvTi Beov, do., 18S8; an essay by H. Beck in Seue Jahrtriicher fur detitsche Theologie, iv. [1895] 249-261 ; and a pamphlet by T. Haringon ' Atttaiocrvi-Tj 6eov bei Paulus,' Tubingen, 1896 ; G. Schnedermann's mono- graph on Der israelitische Hintergrund in der Lehre des Apostels Paulus von der Gottesgerechtigkeit aus Glauben, Leip- zig, 1895 ; J. Barmby, in Exp, 5th ser., iv. [1896] 124-139 ; H. Cremer's Die paitlinische Rechtfertigungslehre xm Zusarmnen- hanq ihrer geschichtUchen Voraiissetztingeji^, Giitersloh, 1900 ; J. Deiiney, in £xp, 6thser., iii. [1901] 433 f., iv. [1901]81 ff., 299ff.; W. Liitgert's monograph on Die Lehre von der Rechtfertigxtng durch dm Glauben, Berlin, 1903 ; K. Miiller, Beohachtungen zur paulinischen Rechtfertigungslehre, Leipzig, 1905; J. H. Gerretsen, Rechtvaardiginakinp bij Paulus in verband met de prediginq van Christus in de Synuptici, Nijmvegen, 1905 ; E. Tobac, Le Problkine de la justification dans saint Paul, Paris, 1908 ; and B. F. Westcott's !St. Paul and Justification, London, 1913, in addition to those mentioned in the course of this article.
The subject is discussed by all the editors of Romans, and in treatises on NT Theology and on Paulinism, among which the following are particularly valuable : F. C. Baur's /'auiii.s-, Eng. tr., 2 vols., London, 1873-75, vol. ii. pp. 134-168; E. Reuss, Hist, de la thiologie chritienne au siicle apostolique^, Straas- burg, 1864, Eng. tr., London, 1872-74, vol. ii. pp. 20 f., 171 f. ; C. Holsten, Das Evangelism des Paulus, i. [Berlin, 1880] 67 f., ii. [do., 1898] 64 f.; E. Men^goz, Le Pichi et la ridemption d'aprts saint Paul, Paris, 1882, p. 160 f. ; B. Weiss, Biblical Theology of the NT, Eng. tr., London, 1888, vol. i. p. 315 ff. ; A. Sabatier, The Apoxtle Paul, Eng. tr., do., 1891, p. 297 ff. ; G. B. Stevens, The Pauline Theology, do., 1892, pp. 40f., 249 f. ; A. B. Bruce, St. FauVs Conception of Christianity, Edinburgh, 1894, pp. 114 f., 147 f.; J. Bovon, Theologie du nouveav re^farjifTi^-, Lausanne and Paris, 1902-05, ii. 134-202; A. Seeberg, Der Tod Ckristi, Leipzig, 1895, p. 188 f. ; W. Beyschlag, NeutestamentUche Theologie, Halle, 1891-92, Eng. tr., 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1895, vol. ii. pp. 94 f., 179 f. ; A. Titius, Der Paulinismits unter dent Gesichtspunkt der SeligkeH, Tubingen, 1900. pp. 153-218 ; H. St. John Thackeray, The Relation of St. Paul to Contemporary J etvish Thought, London, 1900, pp. 80-97 ; J. Denney, The Death of Christ, do., 1902, p. 163 f. ; EmU Sokolowski. Die Beariffe von Geist und Leben bei Paulus, Gottingen, 1903, pp. 5f., 67f., 168f. ; M. Goguel, L'ApOtre Paul et J^sm-Christ, Paris, 1904, p. 294 f. ; Shailer Mathews, The Mesifianic Hope in the NT, Chicago, 1905, p. 193 ff. ; W. P. DuBose, The Gospel accordinq to St. Paul, New York, 1907, p. 69 f. ; Otto Pfieiderer, Das Urchris- tenthum'^, Berlin, 1902, Eng. tr., Primitive Christianity, 4 vols., London, 1906-11, vol. i. p. 344 f. ; E. D. Burton, in' Biblical Ideas of Atonement, Chicago, 1909, p. 157 f. ; H. J. Holtzmann, Lehrbuch der neutest. Theologie-, 2 vols., Tubingen, 1911, ii. 131 f. ; A. Garvie, Studies of Paul and his Gospel, London and New York, 1911, p. 153 f. ; E. von Dobschiitz, 'Die